essentially reflecting growing public discontent with his style of presidency and the economic fallout of the war in Ukraine. 134 Figure 39. Electoral results in presidential elections of right-wing parties in France since 1981. 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1981 1988 1995 Centrist Liberal 2002 2007 Conservative 2012 2017 2022 Populist radical right Note:% of first-round valid votes cast in presidential elections; Centrist Liberal: Valéry Giscard d’Estaing(1981); Raymond Barre(1988); Edouard Balladur(1995, UDF support to Gaullist candidate); François Bayrou(2002, 2007, 2012); Emmanuel Macron(2017, 2022) Conservative: Jacques Chirac(1981, 1988, 1995, 2002); Nicolas Sarkozy(2007, 2012); François Fillon(2017); Valérie Pécresse(2022) Populist Radical Right: Jean-Marie Le Pen(1988, 1995); Jean-Marie Le Pen+ Bruno Mégret (2002); Marine Le Pen(2012, 2017); Marine Le Pen+ Éric Zemmour(2022) Finally, one important development has been the rise in support for the populist radical right, the diversification of its electoral base and its institutionalisation in the 2022 elections. Together, Le Pen and Zemmour won 30.2% of the first-round vote(see Figure 39). Le Pen herself captured 23.2% and progressed into the runoff against Emmanuel Macron, winning 41.5% of the vote and over 13 million votes, by far the highest level of support ever achieved by the RN/FN. In the legislative elections, the RN won an unexpected and historical 89 seats, making it the largest single opposition party in the National Assembly. The transformation of the mainstream right and its impact on(social) democracy 83