96 Al Hawza of Najaf in Iraq students in the Hawza and on other matters that have arisen in modern times since life became more complicated and the marja‘iyya’s work expanded. It now has institutions specializing in certain matters, such as proclamation(tabligh), writing, and publishing books, and sometimes even astronomy research related to jurisprudence. This has created new outlets for spending, which in turn require more resources. FUNDING RESOURCES: HISTORY AND JURISPRUDENCE The corpus of Shi‘ite jurisprudence says khums is obligatory for every mukallaf (pl. mukallafin), 62 regardless of the issues some Shi‘ite clerics raise about the circle of those obliged to pay khums having expanded beyond what was customary in the time of the imams. 63 The expansion seemed necessary for a doctrine that presents itself as being in opposition to authority, not supported by it, even if the founding jurists had good relations with the authorities of the time. Examples include the relationship Al-Sharif al-Murtada and his brother Al­Sharif al-Radi had with the Abbasids, 64 or Al-‘Allama al-Hilli’s relationship with Mongol Sultan Mohammed-e Khodabande. 65 In any case, Shi‘ite jurists developed the concept of khums to encompass all resources of the mukallafin, at a rate of one-fifth of their needs for a year. They secured for themselves sustainable resources paid by the affluent and the poor alike. The truth is that the issues raised about khums are confirmed by some of the great Shi‘ite mujtahids’ uses of khums resources. We present here two 62  Mukallaf is the term used in Shi‘ite jurisprudence to denote a compos mentis, fully qualified Shi’ite Muslim responsible for complying with Shari‘a. 63  For example, see: Muhammad Hassan al-Kashmiri, Jawla fī Dahālīz Muẓallima(A Tour of Dark Corridors). 64  Abu al-Hasan Muhammad ibn al-Husayn ibn Musa al-Musawi, called al-Sharif al-Radi, was born in 359 AH/ 969 AD and died in 406 AH/ 1015 AD. He was a poet, luminary, linguist, and jurist. His own ambitions drew him to the caliphate, unlike his elder brother al-Sharif al-Murtada, and he led the Ashraf Syndicate before his brother. He long declared in his poetry that he was deserving of the caliphate, which was met with forbearance from the Abbasids, who looked the other way, especially Al-Qadir Billah. For more, see: Hanadi Zal Masoud al-Hindawi,“Al-Sharīf al-Raḍī wa Ṭumūhuhu nahū al-Khilāfa Zimn al-Qādir Billah”(359 hā’/ 969 mīm- 406 hā’/ 1015 mīm)(“Al-Sharif al-Radi and His Aspirations to the Caliphate in the Time of al-Qadir Billah(359 AH/ 969 AD- 406 AH/ 1015 AD)”), Journal of Human and Social Sciences 46, no. 2, 2019, p. 141. 65  Al-Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn Ali ibn al-Mutahhar al-Hilli(548 AH/ 1250 AD- 726 AH/ 1325 AD), known as al-‘Allama al-Hilli, was a Shi‘ite jurist and theologian. One of the founding jurists, he was known for his strong relationship with Mongol Sultan Mohammed-e Khodabande and wrote his book Minhāj al-Karāma(The Miraculous Way) for him. Ibn Taymiyyah’s refutation the book later became known as Minhāj al-Sunna(The Way of the Sunnah).