Charter of the Economy factors. Availability of financial resources is apparently not the constraint as the total public outlay on primary schools has increased significantly in real terms over the period. Second, despite the big increase of 52 percent in the number of public universities and degree granting institutions the number of teachers has declined by 18 percent. This implies that new universities have been established without adequate faculty. Clearly, this must have affected adversely the quality of education imparted. Third, the difference between the growth rate of outputs and inputs is small, except in universities where some economies of scale have been realized. There is a negative difference in the case of secondary and college education. Overall, the response to expansion in institutions and teachers has not been strong. In particular, the rapid expansion in colleges has been accompanied by a significantly less increase in enrollment. Perhaps college education with a terminal Intermediate qualification is considered as incomplete higher education and thereby facing lower demand in the labor market. The preference is therefore for degree colleges or universities. The next analysis focuses on the education-employment link in the Pakistani context. It highlights the extent to which the planning of rate of growth in enrollments in different levels of education should consider the level of demand for different types of workers in the country. The public and private returns to education are dependent upon early absorption in employment after completion of education and adequate remuneration which reflects the skills acquired. The growth rate by level of education of the labor force, employment and the rate of unemployment is given in Table 26.10. Table 26.10: Growth Rate of Labor Force, Employment and Rate of Unemployment by Level of Education 2009-10 to 2017-18(%) Annual Growth Rate Enrollment Labor Force Employment Unemployment Rate-2017-18 Primary+ Middle 0.5 0.4 2.2 4.5 Secondary 3.5 3.3 2.9 6.4 College-Intermediate 5.9 5.1 4.5 11.6 Degree+ Post-Graduate 5.7 7.0 5.8 16.5 Source: LFS, PBS There is a strong correlation between the rate of increase in enrollment and in the rate of entry into the labor force. It is the highest for degree holders. The rate of entry into the labor force and the rate of acquisition of jobs varies between workers with different 270