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Human security in Pakistan
228
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INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY
PART I
WHAT IS HUMAN SECURITY?
Chapter One
THE VISION OF
HUMAN SECURITY
1.1 The Vision of Human Security
1.2 Human Development and Human Security
1.3 Human Rights and Human Security
1.4 Operationalization of Human Security
1.5 Components of Human Security
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Chart 1.1: The Individual Set of Human Security Indicators
Chapter
Two
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE APPROACH TO HUMAN SECURITY
2.1 Conceptual Advances
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2.2 Empirical Applications
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Chart 2.2: Components of the African HIS
2.3 Support for the Concept and Application of Human Security
Chapter
Three
THE NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY OF PAKISTAN
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3.1 The Policy Statement*
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3.2 Comments
Chapter Four
THE HUMAN
SECURITY INDEX
4.1 The HSI for Pakistan
Chart 4.1: Components of Human Security
4.2 The Individual Indicators
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Chart 4.2: List of Individual Human Security Indicators
PART-II
ESTIMATION OF THE HUMAN SECURITY INDEX
Chapter
Five
STATEMENT OF
METHODOLOGY
5.1 Methodology of Construction of HSI
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5.2 Analysis of Trends
5.3 Quantification of Contribution by Factors
Chapter
Six
INDEX OF FREEDOM FROM ‘FEAR’
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6.1 Territorial Security
Chart 6.1: Defence Spending as % of GDP* and Real Defence Expenditure per Capita
Box 6.1: Financing of Defence Expenditure solely by Borrowing
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Chart 6.2: Indicators of Financial Vulnerability: Level of External Debt as % of GDP and Foreign Exchange Cover of Imports (in months)
6.2 External Financial Vulnerability
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Chart 6.3: Current Account Deficit / Surplus as % of GDP
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Chart 6.4: The External Financial Vulnerability Index, 2001-02 to (December) 2022
Box 6.2: The External Vulnerability Index
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6.3 Personal Safety
Chart 6.5: Trend in Number of Terrorist Attacks and Lives Lost
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Box 6.3: Incidence of Crime in South Asian Countries
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Chart 6.6: Incidence and Costs of Major Natural Disasters
6.5 Environmental Protection and Natural Disasters
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Chart 6.7: Trends in the Environmental Protection and Natural Disasters Index
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Chart 6.8: Trends of Indices
Chart 6.9: Recent Trends in Indicators
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Chapter
Seven
INDEX OF FREEDOM FROM ‘WANT’
7.1 Income
Box 7.1: Impact of the Floods
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Box 7.2: Nutrition Intake in the Bottom Two Income Quintiles
7.2 Food Security
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Chart 7.1: Per capita food consumption (calories per day) and Share of domestic production in food consumption
Box 7.3: The High Rate of Inflation in Food Prices
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7.3 Employment and Wages
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Chart 7.2: Labor force participation rate and Unemployment rate
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Box 7.4: Big Increase in Unemployment in 2022
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Chart 7.3: Percentage of housing units owned and percentage of units with pucca construction
7.4 Shelter
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Chart 7.4: Percentage of units with access to tap water
7.5 Energy Security
Chart 7.5: Electricity consumption per capita and gas consumption per capita
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7.6 Health
Chart 7.6: Health expenditure as a percentage of GDP
7.7 Education
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Chart 7.7: Government Expenditures on Education and share of expenditure on Primary Education
Chart 7.8: Net Enrolment Rate Primary, Middle, and High
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Chart 7.9: Female School Enrollment, Primary and Secondary
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7.8 Women
Chart 7.10: Literacy Rate
7.9 Children
Chart 7.11: Percentage of children out of school and the Percentage of children in the labor force
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Chart 7.12: Trends of Indices
7.10 Overall Index of Freedom from ‘Want’
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Chart 7.13: Trends in Indicators
Chapter Eight
FREEDOM FROM ‘INEQUALITY’
8.1 Income Inequality
Chart 8.1: Inequality in Income and Food Expenditure
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8.2 Regional Disparities
Box 8.1: The ‘True’ Level of Inequality in Pakistan
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Box 8.2: Trend in Regional Disparities: Balochistan Falls Behind
8.3 Poverty
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Box 8.3: Conflicting Estimates of the Incidence of Poverty
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8.4 Gender Inequality
Chart 8.2: Cyclical Pattern of the Level of Poverty in Pakistan
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Chart 8.3: Index of Inequality
8.5 Overall Index of Inequality
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Chart 8.4: Trends in Indicators
Chapter Nine
INDEX OF
GOVERNANCE
9.1 Index of Governance
Chart 9.1: Index of Governance
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Chapter
Ten
ESTIMATES OF
THE NATIONAL HUMAN SECURITY INDEX
10.1 Number of Indicators
10.2 Estimates of National HSI
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Chart 10.1: The Trend in the HSI and in the Components Indices
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10.3 The Findings
Chart 10.2: Contribution of the Change in Component Indices to the Change in the Overall Human Security Index
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10.4 Correlation of the HSI with HDI
10.5 Rising and Falling Indices since 2015-16
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Chapter Eleven
THE HUMAN SECURITY INDEX OF SELECTED COUNTRIES
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Chart 11.1: Selected Countries and their HDI in 2021-22
11.2 Selection of the HSI Indicators
Chart 11.2: Grouping and Number of HSI Indicators
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Chart 11.3: List of Human Security Indices
11.3 Country Rankings
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PART-III
POLICIES, REFORMS AND LAWSFOR ACHIEVING HIGHER HSI
Chapter Twelve
THE MAJOR FINDINGS
12.1 The Major Findings
Chart 12.1: The HSI Trend
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Chart 12.2: List of Sub-Components Which Need Greater Focus
12.2 The Key Focus Areas for Improving the HSI
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Chart 12.3: Focus Areas for Improving Human Security in the National Security Policy, 2022-23 Launched: January 14, 2022
Chapter Thirteen
STRATEGY FOR
AVOIDING DEFAULT:
The Biggest Threat to
Human Security
13.1 Implications of Default
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Chart 13.1: Economy of Countries After Default
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Chart 13.2: Consequences of Move towards Default
13.2 Policy Instruments to Avoid Default
Chapter Fourteen
CHARTER OF THE ECONOMY:
The Financing Plan
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14.1 Tax Reforms
Box 14.1: The Incidence of Taxes in Pakistan
Chart 14.1: Tax Reforms by the Federal and Provincial Governments as part of the Financing Plan
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Chart 14.2: Indirect Tax Reforms by the Federal and Provincial Governments as part of the Financing Plan
Chart 14.3: Steps for Additional Revenues from Non-Tax Revenue Sources of the Federal and Provincial Governments
14.2 Enhancing Non-Tax Revenues
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Chart 14.4: Proposals for Expenditure Containment
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14.4 Summary of Targets
Chart 14.5: Salient Features of the Financing Plan for the Charter of the Economy (% of GDP)
Box 14.2: Level of Pro-Poor Spending
Chapter
Fifteen
POLICIES, REFORMS AND LAWS FOR HIGHER HSI
15.1 Alleviating Poverty
Box 15.1: Size of the Poverty Gap
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Chart 15.1: The Under-Privileged in Pakistan and Policies/Program/New Laws for Support
15.2. Territorial Security
Box 15.2: The Youth Bulge: Blessing or Curse?
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15.3 Environmental Protection
Box 15.3: Cost and Federal PSDP Allocations to Major Dam Projects (Rs in Billion)
15.4 Education and Health
Box 15.4: Changing Priorities in Education and Health Expenditure
15.5 Gender Inequality
15.6 Food Security
15.7 Energy Security
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15.8 Regional Disparities
Box 15.5: The NFC Awards
15.9 Governance and Democracy
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PART-IV
REGIONAL HSI IN PAKISTAN
Chapter
Sixteen
THE PROVINCIAL HUMAN SECURITY INDEX
16.1 The Number of Indicators
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16.2 Extent of Regional Disparity
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Chart 16.1: Per Capita Gross Regional Income by Province, 2020-21 (Rs in ‘000)
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Chart 16.2: Incidence of Poverty in Each Province, 2014-15 (% of the population)
16.3 The Provincial HSI
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Chart 16.3: Provincial Indices in the Four Dimensions the HSI
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16.4 Strategy for Increasing the Provincial HSI
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Chart 16.4: The Overall HSI of each Province
Chapter
Seventeen
THE HUMAN SECURITY INDEX AT THE DIVISIONAL LEVEL OF
THE PROVINCES
17.1 Construction of the HSI
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Chart 17.1: Indices used for Construction of the HDI and the HSI at the Division Level
17.2 The HSI at the Division Level
Chart 17.2: Distribution within Provinces of HSI of the Divisions
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Chart 17.3: Relationship between HDI and HSI at the Division Level
TECHNICAL
ANNEXURE-I
The Balance of Payments Module of the Macro Econometric Model
STATISTICAL
ANNEXURE
Statistical Annexure-I
The Actual Values of Indicators of HSI
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Statistical Annexure-II
The HSI Indicators of Selected Countries
Statistical Annexure-III
The HSI Indicators
Of the Provinces
Statistical Annexure-IV
Indicators of the Components of the HSI of the Divisions
in the Provinces
References