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Evaluation of four decades of pension privatization in Latin America, 1980-2000
250
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Foreword
I.
INTRODUCtioN
II.
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SYSTEMS, STRUCTURAL REFORMS, AND RE-REFORMS
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF STRUCTURAL REFORMS AND THE SOCIAL DIALOGUE
1. Authoritarian or Manipulative Regimes under a
Quasi-Democratic Regime or an Incipient Democracy
2. Democratic Regimes with some Manipulation and Varying Degrees of Social Dialogue
IV.
PROMISES AND REALITY
OF PRIVATE PENSION SYSTEMS
1. EAP AND OLDER-ADULT COVERAGE
a. Promises of the Structural Reform
b. Reality
2. SOCIAL SOLIDARITY AND GENDER EQUITY
a. Promises of the Structural Reforms
b. Reality
3. SUFFICIENCY OF BENEFITS
a. Promises of the Structural Reform
b. Reality
4. EFFICIENT ADMINISTRATION AND REASONABLE COSTS
a. Promises of the Structural Reform
b. Reality
5. FINANCIAL AND ACTUARIAL SUSTAINABILITY
a. Promises of the Structural Reform
b. Reality
V.
PENSION RE-REFORMS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THEIR EFFECTS
A.
Evaluation of the Re-reforms in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and El Salvador
1. Social Dialogue
2. Coverage
3. Social Solidarity and Gender Equity
4. Sufficiency of Benefits
5. Efficiency and Reasonable Administrative Expenses
6. Financial-Actuarial Sustainability
7. Increase in the Role of the State and AFP Decline
B. Re-reforms Proposals in Colombia and Peru
1. Colombia
2. Peru
VI.
LESSONS FOR BRAZIL
2. The 2019 Parametric Reform
3. The Impact on the Financial-Actuarial Disequilibrium
4. The Frustrated Attempt at a Structural Reform and the Lessons Learned for Brazil from this Study
A. Performance Evaluation of Private Pension Systems
1. Social Dialogue
2. Coverage
3. Social Solidarity and Gender Equity
4. Sufficiency of Benefits
5. Administration and Reasonable Administrative Costs
6. Financial and Actuarial Sustainability
B. Evaluation of the Re-reforms in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and El Salvador
1. Social Dialogue
2. Coverage
3. Social Solidarity and Gender Equity
4. Sufficiency of Benefits
5. Efficiency and Reasonable Administrative Expenses
6. Financial-Actuarial Sustainability
C. Re-reforms Proposals in Colombia and Peru
RECOMMENDATIONS
2. Establishing Social Dialogue
3. Extending Coverage
4. Expanding Social Solidarity
5. Integrating the Separate Privileged Regimes
6. Improving Gender Equity
7. Increasing the Adequacy of Benefits
8. Improving the Administration and Reducing Costs
9. Restoring Social Representation in the Administration
10. Improving Information and Knowledge
11. Strengthening Compliance
12. Diversifying the Investment Portfolio
13. Evaluating Capital Returns to Increase Them
14. Creating a More Attractive Climate for Additional Voluntary Savings
15. Restricting the Withdrawal of Funds from Individual Accounts
16. Reinforcing the Equilibrium with Actuarial Studies
17. Unifying, Expanding the Scope, and Making the Supervisor Independent
18. What Model for the Reform?
References
appendices