Publikationen der StiftungA majority working in the shadows
86 Titel

Inhalt

Foreword

Introduction

Table 1.1

Rudolf Traub-Merz and Manfred Öhm

Figure 2.1

Use of medical care

Figure 2.2

Regular use of medical care, by urban/rural residence

Figure 2.3

Use of medical care, by gender

Figure 2.4

Use of medical care, by income

Table 2.1

Demand for better state services (top priority)

Figure 2.6

Demand for better health services (first priority), by urban–rural residence

Figure 2.7

Demand for better health services and pensions (first priority), by age groups

Figure 2.8

Demand for better health services (first priority), by income

Figure 2.9

Demand for better health services (first priority), by gender

Figure 2.10

Demand for health as first priority and use of medical care

Table 2.A2

Households with cases of sickness and no cases of sickness over the past 12 months

Table 2.A3

Table 2.A4

Financial risk protection – how do the informally employed pay for medical treatment?

Rudolf Traub-Merz

Table 3.1

Figure 3.1

Sources of finance for medical treatment

Figure 3.2

Sources of finance for medical treatment by health insurance membership (two countries)

Payment for medical treatment by sources of finance and urban–rural residence

Figure 3.4

Sources of financing medical care by gender

Figure 3.5

Modes of payments for medical treatment by income classes

Figure 3.6

Use of medical care if funding has to come from asset sales or going into debt

Health insurance coverage and non-coverage

Membership of health insurance schemes, free access to national health services and direct financing by the employer

Figure 4.2

Distribution of workers in informal employment who are members of health insurance schemes according to:

Figure 4.3

The household dimension of health insurance coverage

Figure 4.4

Willingness of workers in informal employment (non-members) to join a health insurance scheme

Figure 4.5

Reasons not to join a health insurance scheme

Figure 4.6

Main reasons for not joining a health insurance scheme by level of income

Figure 4.7

Preferred frequency of contributions among those willing to join a health insurance scheme

Table 4.1

Level of contributions suggested by non-members in relation to various benchmarks

Table 4.A1

Membership of health insurance schemes by sex (frequency)

Table 4.A2

Membership of health insurance schemes rural/urban residence (frequency)

Table 4.A3

Membership of health insurance schemes (includes SHI and PHI) by level of education (frequency)

Table 4.A4

Membership of health insurance schemes (includes SHI and PHI) by individual labour income (frequency)

Table 4.A5

Willingness to join by sex (frequency)

Table 4.A6

Willingness to join and use by level of education (frequency)

Table 4.A7

Willingness to join by employment status (frequency)

Table 4.A8

Reasons for unwillingness to join a health insurance scheme by employment status (frequency)

Economic effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the informal economy: who have fallen into poverty?

Loss of work opportunity or job because of Covid-19

Figure 5.2

Reported decrease of household incomes because of the Covid-19 pandemic

Figure 5.3

Income poverty before and during the pandemic

Figure 5.4

Increase in income poverty by regions as a result of Covid-19

Figure 5.5

Differences between the new and old income-poor

Figure 5.6

Government assistance received during the pandemic

Figure 5.7

Income poverty by the provision of government assistance

Table 5.A1

Characteristics of the new and old income-poor in Ethiopia

Table 5.A2

Characteristics of the new and old income-poor in Côte d’Ivoire

Trust in institutions and perceptions of the tax system among informally employed people

Armin von Schiller

Table 6.1

Trust in institutions among informally employed people (% of total, by country)

Figure 6.2

Perceptions of the informally employed of how much different institutions care about their main priorities (% of total, by country)

Figure 6.3

Perceptions of the degree to which different institutions can make a major difference in solving informally employed people’s main priorities

Table 6.2

Perceptions of compliance with taxes and fees among the informally employed

Table 6.3

Perceptions of tax evasion

Table 6.4

Figure 6.4

Perceived fairness of public service delivery in exchange for taxes and fees

Opinions on the degree to which the wealthy contribute enough taxes

Figure 6.6

Openness to increase contributions if money is used for health

Figure 6.A7

Trust in government by subgroups

Is the informal economy in Sub-Saharan Africa organized? And if so, how?

Organizational density

Figure 7.2

Types of groups

Figure 7.3

Membership size of groups

Figure 7.4

Geographical coverage of groups

Figure 7.5

Groups’ lifetimes

Table 7.1

Affiliation with higher-level structures

Table 7.2

Formality indicator

Table 7.3

Reasons for joining a group

Figure 7.8

Group assistance to members in case of an emergency

Figure 7.9

Satisfaction with group performance

Figure 7.10

Socio-economic drivers of group membership

Organizing in the informal economy – the interest of informal labour in trade unions

Knowing trade unions and interacting with them

Figure 8.2

Perceptions of trade unions (TU)

Figure 8.3

Groups perceived to benefit from trade union activities

Figure 8.4

Trade union independence from government

Figure 8.5

Interest in individual trade union membership

Figure 8.6

Interest in group affiliation to trade unions

Figure 8.7

Willingness to pay membership fees