From Moscow’s perspective, NATO is perceived as both an aggressive adversary and ideological opponent – a view that has become increasingly radicalised since the invasion of Ukraine. Drawing on expert commentary and think tank analysis in Russia, the study shows how Moscow views NATO as a litmus test for a new global order. This publication is part of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung’s study entitled “The Future of NATO”. For more information: www.fes.de/en/future-of-nato