Publications of the FoundationBRICS challenges and the Brazilian presidency of the bloc
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  • Sixteen years after the formation of BRICS, this article proposes a historical analysis of the constitution and consolidation of the bloc, focusing on the main challenges faced by the current Brazilian presidency. The discussion is that, in its initial phase, the group adopted a reformist agenda, aimed at expanding the representation and influence of countries from the Global South in existing multilateral institutions, without seeking to confront them directly. Nevertheless, this reformist agenda lost steam as geopolitical tensions intensified. Currently, more than 20 countries have formally expressed interest in joining the group. Hence, factors such as the growing confrontation between the United States and China, the Russian occupation of Crimea followed by invasion of Ukraine, the debate on monetary alternatives to the US dollar, and the expansion of the bloc to regionally relevant countries have contributed to the reconfiguration of BRICS as a coalition with increasing geopolitical character. Aiming to offer a holistic view of the group, the paper proposes an analytical methodology based on three dimensions: (i) a geopolitical and interstate dispute perspective; (ii) an approach that examines cooperation relations and intra-BRICS asymmetries; and (iii) an investigation of conflicts and disputes in the territories where megaprojects are implemented, considering the power dynamics between countries and regions of the Global South. Finally, the article discusses the main advances and challenges faced by BRICS in the last three years, highlighting their impact on the current Brazilian presidency.