The withdrawal of U.S.- and NATO forces from Afghanistan is a watershed moment for the country itself, its regional and international relations. Amid tremendous uncertainty, regional and extra-regional stakeholders and Afghan policymakers must develop strategies for addressing a possible vacuum, mitigate risks, and embark on a path of win-win scenarios by enhanced cooperation. This report outlines regional responses and adaptation strategies to the anticipated U.S. military exit and reduced U.S. assistance in the future and explores policy options for European policymakers.