Among transnational actors and forces that undermine the state monopoly on the use of force, Terrorism and Violent Extremism are arguably the most dramatic in the twenty-first century. According to Ann L. Phillips, the threat is real but it has been exaggerated and misdiagnosed. Many groups bundled under the terrorist label today originated as opposition or insurgency movements seeking greater political, economic and social justice. Security based approaches have caused the threat to change, disperse, and grow in unanticipated ways. The only durable antidote to terrorism and extremism is one which emphasizes civilian support for local reform efforts.