The Temple Mount/Al-Haram Al-Sharif in Jerusalem is at the heart of the Arab-Israeli conflict and of tremendous importance to both sides. This publication puts Muslim-Jewish relations into a wider historical perspective. It focusses on the centrality of Jerusalem in these relations and their deterioration with the advent of the Arab-Zionist and later Arab-Israeli conflict, 1967 being a turning point. Today, there is a danger that Arabs and Jews increasingly view the dispute about the Temple Mount/Al-Haram Al-Sharif as a religious rather than a political conflict. This phenomenon is fuelled by two processes: growing Judeo-phobia in the Arab and Muslim world and accelerated Jewish Islamo-phobia in Israel and the diaspora. Top Israeli and Palestinian leaders, eager to score political gains, do not counter these dangerous developments.