A Case Study of Pakistan Determinants of Female Labour Force in South Asia market, chiefly the manufacturing sector. It is not just because of the rising reproductive burden but also because of the reinforcement of social barriers within higher-income households against seeing women work in, specifically, the blue-collar labour market(Mammen& Paxson, 2000). In the same vein, at lower income levels, women’s LFP is high as economic need pushes women into the productive work sphere. Yet, as women of lower economic backgrounds have poor educational achievement, it is more likely that their employment will be in less lucrative sectors or occupations where there is a lower educational requirement. Hence, although FLFP is high among women from underprivileged households, the nature of such work is usually poor. This most often manifests as unpaid family work especially in the agriculture sector, and in the manufacturing sector, work that is based at home and often on casual contracts with little to no benefits and bargaining rights associated with regular contracts(see Kazi& Raza(1990) for a discussion of this phenomenon in Pakistan). 2.2. Culture/Norms Adeel et al.(2016) explain a very dominant and persistent factor for almost all South Asia. Social and cultural norms play a significant role in determining women’s decision to participate in the labour market. Such norms act as a barrier for women’s mobility and, in turn, shape gender roles about time use and household responsibilities. For example, Ejaz(2011) observed the factors affecting FLFP in Pakistan using the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey(PSLM 2004-2005). His study revealed that being unmarried positively affected the probability of being in the labour force. After marriage, the responsibility on the woman increases manifolds, and hence due to time constraints(especially after having many children), the probability of market activity decreases. This points to the unpaid work that most of the women are engaged in. According to a recent International labour Organization report, Asian men spend the lowest share of unpaid care work. In Pakistan, they spend 28 minutes or 8% of men’s total working time in a day and only 31 minutes in India(7.9%)(International Labour Organization, 2018a). Muñoz Boudet et al.(2013, p. 46) carried out extensive research consisting of three hundred and seventy focus groups in nearly twenty countries. They found out that in cultures where it is considered morally or religiously inappropriate to interact with“unknown/unrelated” men, women’s 4