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Determinants of female labour force participation in South Asia : a case study of Pakistan
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A Case Study of Pakistan Determinants of Female Labour Force in South Asia rates ranging between 50% to 75% throughout the decade. Literature findings suggest that there are relatively fewer restrictions for women to participate in both countries and its mostly agriculture-driven. Another primary reason is the higher poverty levels, especially in Nepal, necessitate women to work(Hammill& Sirimaneetham, 2016, p. 2). Bangladesh has improved drastically in terms of FLFP. Over time, more and more women are being a part of the labour force mainly because of the garment industry and surge in rural female employment(Chaudhary& Verick, 2014, p. 10). The share of womens informal employment as a percentage of non-agricultural employment in Bangladesh is very high i-e 91.3%(Chaudhary& Verick, 2014, p. 11). High FLFP is mainly possible due to the success of a micro-credit scheme in Bangladesh. Grameen Bank, with its success of the micro-credit finance program has financially empowered many women, especially from rural areas. However, it is not very impressive that those employed mostly retain in the vulnerable employment and in the sectors with low returns and poor working conditions. Unfortunately, this has not been the case of micro-credit schemes for Pakistan, where a high default rate on the part of the borrower and lack of sufficient donors renders such schemes relatively unsuccessful(Ejaz, 2007b). Figure 2: Comparison of FLFPR in South Asian Countries, 2010-2019 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Years Data source:(The World Bank, n.d.-a) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Moving further, it is worthwhile to analyze the industrial composition of employment to gauge which sectors are predominant in these countries. The figure below shows that most countries except Sri Lanka are largely dependent on agriculture, especially Nepal for the year 2019. 14 % of FLFPR