A Case Study of Pakistan Determinants of Female Labour Force in South Asia to caste and clan effects on education in Pakistan. They found out that particularly low caste parents were wary of sending their daughters to school if the school is located in a different caste boundary due to safety reasons. This has other implications as well. First, the direct effect on their education would impact their LFP in the future. Second, similar issues would arise for women when going to their workplaces outside their homes. The mobility of women is a problem not only due to safety reasons but also goes against the social norms of society that stereotype women as caretakers of the house. As traveling to work can increase the level of exposure women experience, it violates the social norms. In most cases, they are dependent on male relatives for their commute to work which limits their participation probability even more(Erica Field& Vyborny, 2014). One of the causes of this problem is the usage of public transport(Adeel et al., 2013). Ejaz(2007b) found out that although ownership of other household durables is negatively associated with FLFP, possessing personal vehicles is positively associated with increased FLFP. Aside from its implication of positive effect on the LFP, this could also indicate a U-shaped relationship between economic development/wealth(typically measured through income) and FLFP as has also been indicated by several other authors(Fatima& Sultana, 2009; Tam, 2011). A closer look at the results of the analysis of the survey shows the effect of income on the mobility of women(see Appendix-E). The location of work categorized between the income quintiles highlights those women belonging to richer households are commonly more mobile as evidenced by their large share of working outside homes as compared to poorer women who comparatively work in their own dwelling. 4.3.2. Social norms In Pakistan, men are considered to be the breadwinner of the house; therefore, the idea of women working outside the house is stigmatized. It goes against the“honor” of men if their women are working for money and is seen as a shame(Erica Field& Vyborny, 2014). The extent of this, however, depends on the location and household income. Under conditions of extreme poverty, the man’s income is not enough to feed the whole family, so women work to supplement the total income. However, the situation changes with increasing household income. The stigma attached to women working influences occupational segregation as well. Occupations that include a lot of public exposure to unrelated men 20