Country examples COUNTRY EXAMPLES There is no study to date on the effective tax rates of billionaires in developing countries, for example. More studies are necessary. Global Tax Evasion Report 2024 (EU Tax Observatory, 2023) In 2023 Gabriel Zucman co-authored two interesting re­ports: One comparing the effective tax rate on capital in­come across 155 countries(Bachas et al., 2023) and one ar­guing that effective tax rates for billionaires – mainly made up of capital income – have not been sufficiently studied in developing countries(EU Tax Observatory, 2023). In our se­lection of country studies, we used globally comparable da­ta on levels of inequality and effective taxes on capital in­come as a starting point and then added a more in-depth analysis on taxation of the super-rich in various countries. The country analyses reveal some counter-intuitive develop­ments. While the move to tax dividends in Brazil(1994) and Germany(2000) did lead to a reduction in the effective rate, this effective rate increased in following years without any major change in actual rates(see figure 13). Further­more, significant changes such as the abolition of the wealth tax in Germany(1997) or consecutive cuts in the tax rate on corporate income with the top income tax rate in Germany(2001 to 2005) apparently do not show up in the effective tax rate on capital income. Figure 13 Effective taxes on capital and major tax reforms in Brazil and Germany 35 Effective Tax Rate (%) 30 25 1 20 3 2 15 10 5 0 1995 2000 Brazil 1 Abolition of dividend tax Source: Own presentation using data from Bachas et al, 2023 2005 2010 2015 2 Abolition of wealth tax Germany 3 Decrease in tax on accumulated corporate profits 29