FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – CHINA’S INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION The MOF serves as the focal point for China’s multilateral development cooperation. It manages China’s financial contributions to multilateral development banks, including the Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank(AIIB), and contri­butions to the UN system, with the exception of dues to the IMF, where the liaison agency is the People’s Bank of China. The MOF also seconds Chinese staff to multilateral develop­ment banks and represents China in multilateral debt nego­tiations rounds. Ministry of Agriculture(MOA) The Ministry of Agriculture(MOA) is a mandatory partner in­volved in the formulation of policies and plans on agricultur­al foreign aid. Its Foreign Economic Cooperation Center (FECC) is responsible for implementing agricultural aid pro­jects and selecting Chinese agricultural experts. The FECC re­ports to MOA’s International Cooperation Department(ICD). Furthermore, the MOA is responsible for the coordination of Agricultural Technology Demonstration Centres(ATDC). The ATDC are a FOCAC flagship begun in 2006 to facilitate the transfer of agricultural technology from China to Africa and to help Chinese agricultural products“go global”. The ATDC program was designed by MOFCOM and MOA, who origi­nally coordinated the centres in tandem. Now, CIDCA and MOA coordinate the ATDC jointly. Thus, the ATDCs answer concurrently to CIDCA and MOA, to their respective provin­cial governments, and to their parent companies, all of whom have different, and sometimes competing, priorities. On the multilateral level, the MOA serves as the focal point for the UN Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) and the World Food Programme’s(WFP) agricultural assistance programs. Ministry of Health(MOH) The Ministry of Health(MOH) is responsible for the coordi­nation of Chinese foreign aid medical teams, which China has been sending to Africa since 1963. Hereby, the MOH manages the budget for medical teams directly with the MOF, without CIDCA’s involvement. The specific deploy­ment of medical teams is coordinated by Chinese provinces; each province, with the exception of Tibet, Xinjiang, Guizhou, and Hainan, is assigned a partner country in Afri­ca(some economically strong provinces, like Guangdong, have two partner countries), and is responsible for putting together a medical team consisting of doctors and nurses of different medical backgrounds from its provincial hospitals to send to the partner country. In the partner countries, the medical teams are supervised by the Chinese embassy. ping during his participation in the UN SDG Summit in Sep­tember 2015. The Fund aims to support other developing countries to address climate change and transition to green and low-carbon development. The Ministry of Education(MOE) is in charge of educational aid and related foreign aid projects. The Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST) manages foreign aid in science, which primarily means using foreign aid channels and instruments available to CIDCA and MOF­COM to support Chinese information technology to“go global”. People’s Bank of China(PBOC) The People’s Bank of China(PBOC) fulfils the role of China’s central bank and is responsible for monetary policy as well as the regulation of financial institutions. It also represents China as a non-borrowing shareholder in several regional and sub-regional MDBs. PBOC plays a powerful role in holding China’s foreign exchange reserves, the manage­ment of which is delegated to the subordinate State Admin­istration of Foreign Exchange(SAFE). SAFE, via China’s sov­ereign wealth funds, has a substantial stake in the major commercial banks, Sinosure, and the China Development Bank(CDB). This state ownership has some moral hazard effects for these banks’ external lending, but they may per­ceive structural pressures to minimise potential losses that endanger China’s foreign exchange reserves. China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission (CBIRC) The China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission (CBIRC) is a ministerial-level supervisory authority under the State Council; it is responsible for supervising the bank­ing and insurance sectors. In 2017, the CBIRC’s predeces­sor, the China Banking Regulatory Commission, issued the “Measures for the Supervision and Administration” for both the CDB and China Exim Bank, which included provi­sions on credit risk management. Prior to that, CDB and China Exim Bank were subject to the regulations for com­mercial banks. People’s Liberation Army(PLA) The People’s Liberation Army(PLA) delivers China’s emer­gency aid as coordinated by CIDCA and MOF. Beyond this function, it also reportedly uses its historical ties with Afri­can elites from the time of the liberation movements to op­erate as a political as well as economic actor. It is noteworthy that the MOH is not involved in the con­struction of Chinese hospitals, as that is considered a“turn­key” project and is the responsibility of MOFCOM. The MOH considers it more appropriate to station the medical teams in existing hospitals. Other line ministries The Ministry of Ecology and Environment(MEE) adminis­ters the RMB 20 billion South-South Cooperation Climate Fund(SSCCF), which was announced by President Xi Jin­ OF DEVELOPMENT FINANCE AND LENDING INSTITUTIONS POLICY LENDING INSTITUTIONS/ POLICY BANKS China Development Bank(CDB) Established in 1994, CDB is the world’s largest national development bank and China’s largest institution for over­20