Modernising Journalists’ Trade Unions in Pakistan for the Digital Age A Mapping of Challenges, Needs, and Solutions 3. Pakistan’s Media Workers and Unionism: A Survey The survey, for the purposes of this study, was conducted using a convenience sampling technique through a structured questionnaire. Sample size was determined keeping in view research validity consideration and resources available. • WHO : Media Workers(MWs), including journalists and other media practitioners(as defined in the federal and Sindh laws on safety of journalists and“other media practitioners/professionals[OMPs]”) • WHERE : Federal capital+ four provincial capitals(these regions represent a large majority of media workers represented in various unions) • HOW MANY : Total number of MWs surveyed was dictated by(i) estimated figure of media industry comprising around 250,000 persons,(ii) existing unions and other representative associations in these five places(Islamabad, Lahore, Karachi, Peshawar and Quetta). Target: 250 persons. REPRESENTATION/BIFURCATION : Breakdown of target of 250 MWs surveyed: Target interviewees(by category): 1. Journalists/ Content producers(CPs): total 100 2. Other media practitioners/ professionals: total 150 Some of the basic demographics for this research are given below: 3.1. Basic Information 3.1.1. Gender Amongst the journalist respondents, 177(71%) were male, and remaining 73(29%) were female. 7