Modernising Journalists’ Trade Unions in Pakistan for the Digital Age A Mapping of Challenges, Needs, and Solutions 9. Journalist Unions and Inclusivity 9.1. Gender The representation of women in mainstream media remains significantly limited. In the early 2000s, women comprised less than 5% of the journalism workforce in Pakistan. Although there has been a gradual increase in the number of female journalists since the expansion of print and electronic media outlets after 2010, fewer than 1,000 of the estimated 20,000 professional journalists in Pakistan are women. This significant underrepresentation of women, who make up a vital segment of society, highlights the persistent gender disparity within media institutions. Such disparities reflect institutional barriers that restrict women’s access to resources and opportunities, resulting in a less favorable status and overall well-being compared to their male counterparts.(IFJ Gender Disparity report) 28 Women journalists in Pakistan encounter additional layers of adversity. As a minority within the media landscape, their contributions often go unrecognised, and they experience harassment both online and offline. A mapping exercise conducted by the Women’s Media Forum Pakistan (WMFP) in December 2023, with support from the IFJ and the National Press Club(NPC), revealed that, although women constitute 5-30% of the media workforce in certain areas, their representation in decision-making positions is alarmingly low—less than 10% or nonexistent. Moreover, their participation in unions and press clubs remains severely underrepresented, perpetuating gender inequality within the media sector. 29 ( South Asia Press Freedom Report for 2023-2024) A recurring theme is the need for structural changes within unions to increase women’s representation, particularly in leadership roles. While some unions have made strides—such as having women occupy positions on executive committees or establishing reserved seats—these efforts often fall short of ensuring genuine participation. For instance, many women face intimidation 28. IFJ Gender Disparity Report 29. IFJ’s South Asia Press Freedom Report for 2023-2024 https://samsn.ifj.org/SAPFR23-24/ 59