About the author Sarah de Lange is Professor of Dutch Politics at the Institute for Po­litical Science at Leiden University. Her research agenda centres on new social and political divisions, the associated rise of the far right and the impact of these parties on mainstream parties, policymaking and the functioning of democracy. She is a member of the curatorium of the Dutch Wiardi Beckman Foundation, the think tank affiliated with the PvdA. Imprint Published by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung e.V. Godesberger Allee 149 53175 Bonn, Germany info@fes.de Issuing Department FES Regional Office for International Cooperation Democracy of the Future Reichsratsstr. 13/5 A-1010 Vienna Contact Michael Jennewein michael.jennewein@fes.de Editor Margarete Lengger margarete.lengger@fes.de Design pertext| www.pertext.de The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung(FES) or of the organization for which the author works. Commercial use of media published by the FES is not permitted without the written consent of the FES. Publications by the FES may not be used for electioneering purposes. March 2026 © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung e. V. Further publications of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung can be found here: ↗ www.fes.de/publikationen FES Regional Office for International Cooperation The 2025 Dutch elections 6