Authors: Amy Alexander, Nicholas Charron, Gefjon Off To what extent is there a Gen Z gender divide? Before delving into the qualitative focus group analyses of Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and Sweden, this chapter provides an overview of quantitative survey data on left-right ideology, gender-equality attitudes, and voting patterns of men and women across different age groups in Europe and the five studied countries in particular. 2.1 Sample, data and estimation This section provides a brief description of the data, sample and methods used in the quantitative survey data analyses, as well as an overview of empirical findings. More information on this is reported in the Annex. The source of the data is the ESS, a semi-annual, cross-country survey administered in almost all European countries from 2002 to 2024. 49 Respondents are asked a host of questions, including political and social attitudes, confidence in institutions and a battery of demographic background questions. The analysis relies on two ESS sources: 1. a survey battery with the same questions going back to 2002 to elucidate trends over time, whereby we draw on several variables from the “politics” theme of the ESS time series; and 2. as the 2024 ESS survey wave contains a battery of questions specifically on gender attitudes, such as workplace gender equality, perceptions of equal treatment of men and women by state institutions, and preferences of gender equality across society, we draw on the 2024 cross section of survey data for a more in-depth analysis of recent years. Our sample relies on all available respondents from the 27 EU countries plus Norway, Switzerland, Iceland and the UK. In addition to the full European sample models, we report individual country models for the five selected case-study countries within the EqualiZe project: Germany; Greece; Poland; Spain; and Sweden. Our main explanatory variables are respondent age group and gender. In addition, we include a variable for the respondent’s socioeconomic status, which is found to be linked to partisanship, political attitudes and electoral participation. 50 To measure socioeconomic status, we use the respondent’s mother’s level of education(tertiary or higher= “1”, and“0” if otherwise). 51 The mother’s level of education is used rather than the father’s, as the mother’s has been repeatedly shown to be more influential on attitude formation and education attainment of the child and should be particularly influential on a child’s gender role socialisation in the family. 52 Our outcome variables of interest are derived from the literature review chapter. Firstly, we capture left­right ideology via a respondent’s self-placement on the left-right scale, whereby“0” is far left and“10” is far right. Secondly, we analyse the youth gender gap in voting patterns for four party families in the five selected case-study countries: • social democrats(voters of parties affiliated with the Socialists and Democrats(S&D) group in the European Parliament); • centre-right(affiliated with European People’s Party(EPP) in the European Parliament); 32 EqualiZe