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China, the EU and Latin America : current issues and future cooperation
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ChallengestoEUPoliciesonDevelopmentCooperationwithLatinAmerica 21 TheEuropeanUnion EU hasbeenanimportantdrivingforcebehindthis consensusandtheestablishmentofglobaldevelopmentgoals.Ithasincorporated themintoitsowndevelopmentpolicy.Insomerespects ithastriedtogo furtherthan whathasbeenagreedatinternationalsummits.Withregardto increasingaid theEUhasmaintaineditsinternationalcommitmenttospend0.7 percentoftheGrossNationalIncomeofthemostadvancedcountries despite theresistance of other countries such as the United States and has unilaterallyadopted timetableto achievethisfigure no laterthan 2015 Economist2005 EuropeanUnion2006 TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsandtheMonterreyConsensus adopted in2002attheUNSummitonFinancingforDevelopment haveleddonorsto reallocateOfficialDevelopmentAssistance ODA tobasicneedsandtothe poorestcountries includingtheleastdevelopedcountries LDCs andlow incomecountries LICs .ThatmeansfocusingODAonsubSaharanAfrica as wellason EastandSouth Asia reducingorevenstopping ODA to middle incomecountries MICs andespeciallytoupper MICs.ODAisalsobeing increasedforcountriesinvolvedinthesocalled GlobalWaronTerror suchas Irag AfghanistanandPakistan. ThistrendismorevisibleinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean whereall countries exceptHaiti areclassifiedintheseincomegroups.Datapublishedby theDevelopmentAssistanceCommittee DAC oftheOrganisationforEconomic Cooperationand Development OECD revealthatthe ODA received bythis regionhasincreasedinabsoluteterms fromaboutUSD5billionin1998 to USD8700billionin2008 butinacontextofstrongaidincreases theLatin AmericanshareoftotalODAshrankfrom12.3percentin1998to7.9percent in2008.Anumberofcountries USA Canada Japan NetherlandsandItaly havereducedtheiraidcommitmentstotheregion theUKandSwedenhave closedtheirofficesandcooperationprogrammesthere andthestrongincreasein aidfrom Spain andthe European Commission hasnotbeensufficientto compensatethesetrends DevelopmentAssistanceCommittee2010 Overall theeffectofthe Millennium DevelopmentGoalsinLatinAmerica hasbeentofosteramoreprogressivepatternofaidallocationandthereforeless aidtoupper MICs although donordarlings and donororphans were included.Between2001and2006 OfficialDevelopmentAssistance ODA to upperMICsfellbyover60percentforCostaRica MexicoandUruguay andby roughly30percentforArgentina ChileandPanama.LowerMICsexhibitan unevenpattern withaidreductionsforsomecountries suchasBrazil Ecuador ElSalvadorandParaguay.Incontrast therehavebeenaidincreasestoother