ChallengestoEUPoliciesonDevelopmentCooperationwithLatinAmerica 2 21 TheEuropeanUnion ( EU ) hasbeenanimportantdrivingforcebehindthis consensusandtheestablishmentofglobaldevelopmentgoals.Ithasincorporated themintoitsowndevelopmentpolicy.Insomerespects , ithastriedtogo furtherthan whathasbeenagreedatinternationalsummits.Withregardto increasingaid , theEUhasmaintaineditsinternationalcommitmenttospend0.7 percentoftheGrossNationalIncomeofthemostadvancedcountries , despite theresistance of other countries — such as the United States — and has unilaterallyadopted a timetableto achievethisfigure no laterthan 2015 ( Economist2005 ; EuropeanUnion2006 ) . TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsandtheMonterreyConsensus , adopted in2002attheUNSummitonFinancingforDevelopment , haveleddonorsto reallocateOfficialDevelopmentAssistance ( ODA ) tobasicneedsandtothe poorestcountries , includingtheleastdevelopedcountries ( LDCs ) andlow incomecountries ( LICs ) .ThatmeansfocusingODAonsubSaharanAfrica , as wellason EastandSouth Asia , reducingorevenstopping ODA to middle incomecountries ( MICs ) andespeciallytoupper MICs.ODAisalsobeing increasedforcountriesinvolvedinthesocalled “ GlobalWaronTerror ”, suchas Irag , AfghanistanandPakistan. ThistrendismorevisibleinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean , whereall countries , exceptHaiti , areclassifiedintheseincomegroups.Datapublishedby theDevelopmentAssistanceCommittee ( DAC ) oftheOrganisationforEconomic Cooperationand Development ( OECD ) revealthatthe ODA received bythis regionhasincreasedinabsoluteterms , fromaboutUSD5billionin1998 , to USD8700billionin2008 ; butinacontextofstrongaidincreases , theLatin AmericanshareoftotalODAshrankfrom12.3percentin1998to7.9percent in2008.Anumberofcountries — USA , Canada , Japan , NetherlandsandItaly — havereducedtheiraidcommitmentstotheregion ; theUKandSwedenhave closedtheirofficesandcooperationprogrammesthere ; andthestrongincreasein aidfrom Spain andthe European Commission hasnotbeensufficientto compensatethesetrends ( DevelopmentAssistanceCommittee2010 ) . Overall , theeffectofthe Millennium DevelopmentGoalsinLatinAmerica hasbeentofosteramoreprogressivepatternofaidallocationandthereforeless aidtoupper MICs , although “ donordarlings ” and “ donororphans ” were included.Between2001and2006 , OfficialDevelopmentAssistance ( ODA ) to upperMICsfellbyover60percentforCostaRica , MexicoandUruguay , andby roughly30percentforArgentina , ChileandPanama.LowerMICsexhibitan unevenpattern , withaidreductionsforsomecountries , suchasBrazil , Ecuador , ElSalvadorandParaguay.Incontrast , therehavebeenaidincreasestoother
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China, the EU and Latin America : current issues and future cooperation
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