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China, the EU and Latin America : current issues and future cooperation
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26 China theEUandLatinAmerica:CurrentIssuesandFutureCooperation andmoreassertiveforeignpolicy Sanahuja2010a 2010b ), aswellastheir capacitytocontributetoattainingtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsasdonors andnotonlyasrecipients.However asmiddleincomecountries MICs arenot membersofthe OECDs Development Assistance Committee DAC ), their contributionsarenotrecordedanddonotfitintoDACcategories.Thismakesit difficulttoestimatetheirmagnitude. SSCisofconsiderablerelevancetothe MICsdevelopmentagenda asit generatesbenefitsforbothdonorsandrecipients.TheMICsthemselvesbelieve thatitmaybeabetterwayofmeetingtheirneeds makinggreateruseoflocal resourcesandgeneratingagreatersenseofownership.Latin AmericanSSC modalitiesinclude horizontal and triangular SSC.Thehorizontaltype involvesonlydevelopingcountries buttriangularSSCalsoinvolvesfinancial resourcesfromatraditionaldonor advancedcountryormultilateralagency ), whilethehumanresourcesandknowhowcomefrom developingcountries. RecognisingtheimportanceofSouthSouthcooperation someDACdonors especiallyGermany Japan Belgium the United Kingdom and multilateral agencies FAO UNFPA IICA have promotedtriangulararrangements. Mexico Chile Argentina BrazilandColombiahavebeenactivelyinvolvedin implementationandthemainrecipientshavebeenthepoorestCentralAmerican and Andeancountries Paraguayandthe Dominican Republic Xalma2007 SomemodalitiesofSSC areconstructed withintheframeworkofregional policies.Thisisexplainedbytheappearanceofnew regionaliststrategies sometimescalled postliberal Motta etal.2007 Sanahuja 2010 ), in particulartheVenezuelanBolivarianAlternativefortheAmericas ALBA and theattempttoredesignSouthAmericanintegrationwithintheframeworkofthe Union of South American Nations UNASUR These proposals are characterisedbytheprimacyoftheirpoliticalagenda theirfocusonstateactors ratherthantheliberalstrategiesofthesocalled openregionalism more emphasison common policiesin energy orinfrastructure than in trade liberalisationandconcernsforsocialissuesandasymmetriesofdevelopment. Financialcooperationisalsopartofthisagenda asillustratedbythe South Bank .Additionally regional structuralfunds areemergingtotackleregional asymmetries suchasthe MercosurStructuralConvergenceFund FOCEM DifferentpatternsofSSCcouldbeseenintheregion: Technicalassistanceandhighereducationcooperationfocusingonthe poorercountriesofLatinAmerica ArgentinaandChile Technicalassistance infrastructureandoilfinancingonpreferential termsfor Central American countries Mexico throughthe San José oil