TradingwithGiants:IsTradePolicywiththeEUandChinaBeneficialtoMERCOSUR? 2 89 observablereality.Marketflawsaremuchmorethanexceptionstothegeneral rulesofeconomics , and nationaleconomicpolicy decisions , as wellasthe characteristicsofnationalinstitutionsaffecttheresultsofeconomicdecisionsina varietyofways.Withinthisframework , theresultsautomaticallyexpectedfrom anintegrationprocessmaynotoccur.Furthermore , eveninputativeperfectly competitivemarkets , thedistributionofcostsandbenefitsduringanintegration processisnothomogeneous , eitheramongparticipatingcountriesoramongthe variouseconomicplayers.Thepossibilityofcorrectingthissituationbymeansof interregionalcompensation policiescollides withtherealityofinstitutional constraintsandthelegitimateinterestsofthedifferentpressuregroupswithin thecountriesconcerned.Therefore , conclusionsobtainedbypositiveeconomic analysisconflictwiththelimitationsofpoliticaleconomy. However , thepositiveimpactpredictedbyneoclassicalmodelswithregardto economicgrowthandglobalexportsafterbilateralliberalisation , donotspecifically accountforthecostsoftheadjustmentstobemadeinthelabourmarketandother factorscausedbychangesintheproductionstructuresandgeneratedbythenewtrade patternthatemergedfromliberalisation.Theseadjustmentcostswouldapplyaslong asinstitutionalandstructuralmarketrigiditiesexist. Thecomplexityoftheseprocessesandthemultiplicityofinterestsimplya needtointerpretdifficultiesandconflictsintermsofpoliticaleconomy.Inthis sense , regionalintegrationgoesbeyondthemaximisationofpotentialgainsand amountstoastrategicprocessinwhichaspectsofpoliticaleconomyconcerning adjustmentcostsandthestructuraltransformationoftheeconomiesconcerned mustbetakenintoaccount.Amongthetensionslikelytoarise , we might mentiontheadjustmentoflabourmarketsandpoliticallobbyingcarriedoutby sensitiveeconomicsectors , whichfunctionasimportantpressuregroups. Tradebetween the EU and MERCOSUR shows patterns ofclassic comparativeadvantage ; italso hasa marked degree ofcomplementarity. Analysisofthecharacteristicsofproductionsectorsandtradewithinthetwo blocksshowsthatinsomeareastherearenoglobalcomparativeadvantages , due toprotection withintheregionalmarket.Thatistosay , thesearegoodsor sectorswhosetradehasdeviatedfromtherestoftheworldandwhoseinterest groups ( countriesandsectors ) perceivetheregionalmarketasparticularly important.Suchsectors , togetherwithseveralsectorsthatsubstituteimports , havestrategicimportanceingovernmentdevelopmentpoliciesandaresupported byimportantpoliticalandsocialgroups. Pressure ( lobby ) groupsconstitutedaroundthesesectorsareusuallysmall , butwellorganisedandinformedandhavethecapacitytoinfluencepolitical
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