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China, the EU and Latin America : current issues and future cooperation
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OpportunitiesandChallengesFacingChinaandMERCOSURintheContextoftheFinancialCrisis 09 DuringtheyearsinwhichSinoMERCOSURtradewasgrowingrapidly the pricesofprimaryproductsintheinternationalmarketroseconsiderably.In particular crudeoilpricesrosedramaticallyfromthefirsthalfof2008 peaking atUSD150perbarrel.Thepriceofgrainandmetalsroseseveraltimesinthe sameperiod.Meanwhile thepricesofmanufacturedgoodsexperiencedageneral downturn.Freightratesshotupasoilpricesrose.Theimpactofsuchprice differentialshasbeendeeplyfeltbyChinesecompanieswhospecialiseinthe productionoflabourintensivegoodswithalowtechnologycontent. TherapidgrowthofSinoMERCOSURtraderesultedinagreatdealof friction.Accordingtothe WTO inthefirst14yearsafteritsestablishment 19952008 ), Argentinaand Brazilinstituted respectively 61 and37 anti dumpinginvestigationsagainstChineseproducts accountingfor9percentand 5.5percentofsuchinvestigationsby WTO members.Duringthesameperiod ArgentinaandBrazilimposed respectively 40and21antidumpingmeasureson Chineseproducts accountingfor8.4percentand4.4percentofsuchmeasures byWTOmembers WTO2008 Generallyspeaking those WTO membersthatinstituteantidumping investigationsorimposeantidumping measureshaverelativelylargetrade deficits.However BrazilandArgentinahavehugesurplusesintheirtradewith China.AlthoughbothcountrieshaverecognisedChinasmarketeconomystatus theyhavenotreducedantidumpinginvestigationsormeasuresagainstChina. Instead theyhaveaddedantisubsidyandsafeguardmeasurestothepackage. Sincetheoutbreakofthefinancialcrisis therehasbeenasurgeinthese activities includingbothshorttermandlongterm measures.Therefore trade protectionismremainsfairlystronginMERCOSUR. TherehasbeenanimbalanceinthegrowthofSinoMERCOSURinvestment. ChinasinvestmentinMERCOSURisrelativelysmall andChinesecompaniesdonot thinkthattheinvestmentenvironmentinSouthAmericaisideal.AlthoughSouth Americancountriesclaimtheyencourageforeigndirectinvestment theentrybarriers areveryhigh.Lowefficiency poorinfrastructure strongtradeunionsandhuge culturaldifferences makeiteventougherforChinesecompaniestoinvestin SouthAmerica.Ontheotherhand Chinesecompaniesstillhavesomewaytogo indevelopingtheircapabilitiesfor goinginternational .Theymustfurther improvehumanresources capitalandmanagementexpertise. 3.犘狅狋犲狀狋犻犪犾犇犲狏犲犾狅狆犿犲狀狋狊犻狀狋犺犲犠犪犽犲狅犳狋犺犲犉犻狀犪狀犮犻犪犾犆狉犻狊犻狊 Althoughthefinancialcrisiswasgenerallyunexpected retrospectivelyits