3 34 China , theEUandLatinAmerica:CurrentIssuesandFutureCooperation emergenceofnextgenerationenergyledcountries ( Yergin2006 ; Kennedy 1968 ) .Technologicalinnovationis ofkeyimportancein the energy power structure.Modelskislongcycletheory , Kondratievslongwavetheoryand Schumpeterseconomiccycletheoryhaveallconfirmedthehistoricalcontribution oftechnologicalrevolutionsandinstitutionalinnovationtotheriseandfallof greatpowers ( Modelski1987 ; Kindleberger1973 ) .Theyallemphasisetheeffect of “ greattechnologicalbreakthroughs ” ontheworldeconomiccycle , indicating thatthecycleowesitsrisetotechnologicalbreakthroughs , which mainly happenedwithregardtoenergy , suchaselectricity , thesteamengineandthe internalcombustionengine.MichaelE.Porter , inhisbook 犜犺犲犆狅犿狆犲狋犻狋犻狏犲 犃犱狏犪狀狋犪犵犲狅犳犖犪狋犻狅狀狊 , explainedwhynationsshouldmakeaninnovationbased modelofcomparative advantages a priorityin developing theircompetitive advantage ( Porter1990 ) . Asthedebateoncollectiveactionagainstclimatechangehasheatedup , Westerncountrieshavemonopolisedthefutureenergysystembasedonnewand alternativeenergy.PeterEvansoncepointedoutthateverymajorpowerthat cametodominatetheinternationalsystem hadsomeknowhow advantages ( Evans1985 ) .Fornow , itseemsthatalowcarboneconomyandcleanenergy willultimatelydeterminethefutureofenergypowertransitions.Jonathanand otherscholarsrecognisethattheEUsenvironmentalpolicy , gearedtoward boostingtheblocscompetitivenessandpromotingclimatenegotiations , could alsoboostitscreativityandcompetitiveadvantage ( Golub1998 ) .In2007 , the 犛狋犲狉狀犚犲狏犻犲狑犚犲狆狅狉狋狅狀狋犺犲犈犮狅狀狅犿犻犮狊狅犳犆犾犻犿犪狋犲犆犺犪狀犵犲犪狀犱狋犺犲犔狅狑犆犪狉犫狅狀 犈犮狅狀狅犿狔犚犲狆狅狉狋 bytheRoyalInstituteofInternationalAffairsbothconfirmed thattheEUpromotesclimatenegotiationsnotjustbecauseitisaforerunnerin thelowcarboneconomy , butalsobecauseitwantstoachievedominancein globalgovernanceandlaythefoundationsforthefutureeconomy.SeniorUS politiciansPaula Dobriansky , Richard Lee ArmitageandJoseph Nyeonce proposedthatUSinvolvementinclimatenegotiationsshouldenhancethenations “ smartpower ” andthecompetitivenessofitsindustry ( Foreign Relations Council2006 ) . Westerncountriesalwaysusetherapidlygrowingcarbonemissionsinemerging economiesasa majorexplanation ofglobal warming. Nationalcompetitive advantagesareassociatedwithcarbonemissionsreductions.Forthosewhoadvocate climate diplomacy , environmentalcapacity is an important part of a states comprehensivenationalpower.JamesN.Rosenauusestheconceptofa “ balanceof payments ” insteadofa “ balanceofpower ” inglobalenvironmentalgovernance , and arguesthatdevelopingcountriesshouldsharethecostsandresponsibilitiesofglobal
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