3 52 China , theEUandLatinAmerica:CurrentIssuesandFutureCooperation infrastructure. Finally , keepingtheoilsectoropenisstilla mainstream policyin Latin America. This policy orientation should not only eliminate Chinese oil companiesconcernsaboutpolicyuncertainty , butalsoprovideafavourable investmentenvironmentfor Chinese capital.During the period 20052007 , Venezuela , EcuadorandBoliviaadjustedtheiroilandgaspolicies , increasing theirstateownedoilcompaniessharesinjointventures.Infact , thesethree countriesconfinedthemselvestoreasonablemeasurestostrengthencontrolover nationaloilresources.However , insomepartsofthemediaandacademiathese policychangeshavebeen misinterpreted , soundingthealarmthatleftwing governmentshavetakenradicalactiontonationaliseoilandgas.Ifanalysed properly , thesepoliciesmakeitclearthatthesegovernmentshavenotrenounced theiropenpolicyintheenergysector. AsfarasBrazil , Mexico , ColombiaandPeruareconcerned , theyhave maintainedastableenergycooperationpolicy.Attheendofthe1990s , Brazil , MexicoandColombiastartedtoopenuptheirenergysectorsbuttoaverylimited extent , sothatitwasdifficultforprivateorforeignoilcompaniestoentertheir oilindustries.Duringtheperiod19972007 , however , Brazilorganised more thaneightinternationaloilfieldtenders.Onlyafter2004 didforeign oil companieshaveanopportunitytoenterBrazil.Withimprovementsinitssecurity situation , Colombiahasgraduallybecomeanimportantforeigndirectinvestment destination.Forexample , theColombianstateownedcompanysigned15oil cooperationcontractswithothercountriesbetween2006and2008.Although Mexicobegantoallowprivatecapitaltoparticipateinthedownstreamsectorin 1995 , it wasonlyin2003that Mexican Petroleum ( Petróleos Mexicanos , PEMEX ), the Mexicannationaloilcompany , organisedthefirstinternational tender. Duetotheimpactofthefinancialcrisis , somecountriesdependentonoil exportshavesufferedgreatlyfromlowoilprices.Thesecountriescouldreadjust theirenergycooperationpoliciesbyopeninguptheiroilsectorsfurther.For example , Venezuela , becauseofthesharpdeclineinoilprices , hasbeenina tightfiscalpositionsincetheendof2008.In Mexico , theCongresspassedan energyreformpackageproposedbyPresidentCalderóninOctober2008 , which wasstronglyopposedbyoppositionparties.Thereformpackagewillgivemore rightstoPEMEXtocooperatewithforeigncompaniesandwillopenuptheoil sectorfurther , attracting more private and foreign capitaland advanced technology.In December2008 , PEMEXlaunchedapublictenderconcerning explorationprogrammes , thelargestinternationaltenderinitshistory.After
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