OilCooperationbetweenChinaandLatinAmerica 3 53 Brazildiscoveredtwolargeoffshoreoilfields , theLulaadministrationactively negotiatedwithChinatostrengthenexplorationcooperation.InFebruary2009 , ChinaandBrazilsignedaMemorandumofUnderstanding ( MOU ) involvingUSD 10billioninloansforoilimports. 4.犆犺犪犾犾犲狀犵犲狊犳狅狉犉狌狉狋犺犲狉犆狅狅狆犲狉犪狋犻狅狀 Basedontheanalysispresentedabove , oilcooperationbetweenChinaand LatinAmericahasabrightfuture.However , thereareafewpotentialbarriers orchallengesthatshouldnotbeneglectedandwhichmightleadtofrictionin cooperationbetweenthetwosides.Forexample , oilshipmentsandrefiningare headachesforChineseoilcompanies.CrudeoilfromLatinAmericaisheavyand sour , requiringadifferentkindofrefiningtechnologyandequipmenttoprocess. Thefollowingfactorsshouldalsobetakenintoconsideration withaviewto deepeningcooperationbetweenthetworegions. First , politicaluncertaintiescannotbeoverlooked.Intheshortandmedium term , militaryconflictisunlikelyinLatinAmerica.However , someunstable politicalfactorsshouldbenotedwhichmightimpactonChinasoilinvestmentsin theAndeanregion.In March2009 , theColombianarmycrossedtheEcuador borderinpursuitoftheRevolutionaryArmedForcesofColombia , leadingtoa diplomaticcrisisbetween Ecuador , Colombia , Venezuelaand Nicaragua.In short , politicalstabilityshouldbeexaminedcarefullywhenassessingChinese investmentsecurity. Second , policyuncertaintystillexists.Sincethe1990s , energypoliciesin LatinAmericahaveexperiencedtwoperiodsofreadjustment.Inthefirstperiod , duringthemiddleandendofthe1990s , mostLatinAmericancountriesstarted toprivatiseandopenuptheirenergysectors.Thesecondperiodofpolicy adjustmenthappenedbetween2001and2007 , strengtheninggovernmentcontrol overenergyresources.Policyadjustmentscanbedividedintotwogroupsof countries.Thefirstgroupincludes Venezuela , Boliviaand Ecuador , which adoptedradicalpolicies , increasingtheirshareoftheprofitsfromrapidlyrising oilpricesorraisingtheirnationaloilcompaniessharesinjointventures.The othergroupincludesMexico , Brazil , PeruandColombia.Thesefourcountries implemented a policy oflimited openness but also one of considerable consistency.SinceJuly2008 , internationaloilpriceshavefluctuatedstrongly. ThereisnodoubtthatmajorLatinAmericanoilproducingcountriesmaychange theirpoliciesagaintoattractforeigncapital.However , uncertaintiesconcerning policychangesinLatinAmericaremain , representingariskfactorwithregardto futureoilcooperation.
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China, the EU and Latin America : current issues and future cooperation
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