3 58 China , theEUandLatinAmerica:CurrentIssuesandFutureCooperation increasingimportdependency , whichmightreach70percentin2030 , thereare manyothersupplyrisksthatneedtobetakenintoaccountwhendesigningfuture energysystems.Notalloftheserisksareexternal.Infact , mostoftherecent supplydisruptioninEuropehaddomesticcausesconnectedtostrikes , weather relatedsystemsfailures , lack ofcapitalinvestmentorgenerallythepoor conditionoftheenergysystem.Itisthusimportanttoassesslowcarbonenergy sourcesinlightofthecomplexityofsupplyrisks. 2.犚犲狀犲狑犪犫犾犲犈狀犲狉犵狔犛狅狌狉犮犲狊 In2005 , renewablesaccountedfor8.5percentoffinalenergyconsumption intheEU ( EuropeanCommission2008 ) .Withtheagreementon17December 2008ontheEUenergyandclimatepackage , thenewRenewablesDirectivewas sealed , whichsetstheframeworkforincreasingtheoverallshareofrenewables inEUenergyconsumptionto20percentby2020.TheEUadoptedthisbinding renewablestargetintheconvictionthatrenewableenergiesreduceairpollution andgreenhousegasemissionsandthatthey “ promisestrategicimprovementsin thesecurityofsupply , reducethelongterm pricevolatilityto whichtheEUis subjectedasapricetakerforfossilfuelsandcouldofferanenhancedcompetitiveedge fortheEUenergytechnologyindustry ”( EuropeanCommission2007 ) .Furthermore , renewableenergysources “ facilitateimprovementintheeconomicandsocialprospects ofruralandisolatedregionsinindustrialisedcountriesandhelpmeetbasicenergyneeds indevelopingcountries ”( EuropeanCommission2007 ) . Renewablescanalsoplayapivotalroleinsecuringenergy , protectingthe environment ( bothintermsofreducingGHGemissionsandairpollution ) and stabilisingeconomiesindevelopingcountries.Developingcountriesnotonlyhave largepotentialforexpandingtheuseofrenewables , butin2006theyalreadyhad ashareof43percentofglobalrenewableelectricitycapacity ( REN212008 ), mainlyintheformofbiomassandsmallhydropower.China , forexample , has theworldslargestinstalledcapacity , totallingaround52GW , accountingfor25per centofglobalcapacity.ThisisalmosttwicethesizeofcapacitiesinGermanyor theUSA.Similarly , Chinawasleadinginnewcapacityinvestmentsin2006 , secondonlytoGermany. Substituting renewables for conventional fossil energy sources can contributesignificantlytodomesticGHG emissionsreductionsinelectricity production , heatingandcooling , as wellasinthetransportsector.Solar photovoltaic , hydroelectric , biomassandwindhavenodirectemissionsandtheir indirectlifecycleemissionsareonlyafractionoftotalemissionsofcoalandgas. Togetherwithotherrenewables , suchasgeothermalandtidalpower , thereisa
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