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China, the EU and Latin America : current issues and future cooperation
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58 China theEUandLatinAmerica:CurrentIssuesandFutureCooperation increasingimportdependency whichmightreach70percentin2030 thereare manyothersupplyrisksthatneedtobetakenintoaccountwhendesigningfuture energysystems.Notalloftheserisksareexternal.Infact mostoftherecent supplydisruptioninEuropehaddomesticcausesconnectedtostrikes weather relatedsystemsfailures lack ofcapitalinvestmentorgenerallythepoor conditionoftheenergysystem.Itisthusimportanttoassesslowcarbonenergy sourcesinlightofthecomplexityofsupplyrisks. 2.犚犲狀犲狑犪犫犾犲犈狀犲狉犵狔犛狅狌狉犮犲狊 In2005 renewablesaccountedfor8.5percentoffinalenergyconsumption intheEU EuropeanCommission2008 .Withtheagreementon17December 2008ontheEUenergyandclimatepackage thenewRenewablesDirectivewas sealed whichsetstheframeworkforincreasingtheoverallshareofrenewables inEUenergyconsumptionto20percentby2020.TheEUadoptedthisbinding renewablestargetintheconvictionthatrenewableenergiesreduceairpollution andgreenhousegasemissionsandthatthey promisestrategicimprovementsin thesecurityofsupply reducethelongterm pricevolatilityto whichtheEUis subjectedasapricetakerforfossilfuelsandcouldofferanenhancedcompetitiveedge fortheEUenergytechnologyindustry EuropeanCommission2007 .Furthermore renewableenergysources facilitateimprovementintheeconomicandsocialprospects ofruralandisolatedregionsinindustrialisedcountriesandhelpmeetbasicenergyneeds indevelopingcountries EuropeanCommission2007 Renewablescanalsoplayapivotalroleinsecuringenergy protectingthe environment bothintermsofreducingGHGemissionsandairpollution and stabilisingeconomiesindevelopingcountries.Developingcountriesnotonlyhave largepotentialforexpandingtheuseofrenewables butin2006theyalreadyhad ashareof43percentofglobalrenewableelectricitycapacity REN212008 ), mainlyintheformofbiomassandsmallhydropower.China forexample has theworldslargestinstalledcapacity totallingaround52GW accountingfor25per centofglobalcapacity.ThisisalmosttwicethesizeofcapacitiesinGermanyor theUSA.Similarly Chinawasleadinginnewcapacityinvestmentsin2006 secondonlytoGermany. Substituting renewables for conventional fossil energy sources can contributesignificantlytodomesticGHG emissionsreductionsinelectricity production heatingandcooling as wellasinthetransportsector.Solar photovoltaic hydroelectric biomassandwindhavenodirectemissionsandtheir indirectlifecycleemissionsareonlyafractionoftotalemissionsofcoalandgas. Togetherwithotherrenewables suchasgeothermalandtidalpower thereisa