TheRelationshipbetweenClimateChangePoliciesandEnergySecurity EuropeandBeyond 3 59 broadportfolioofrenewablesthatcanbeusedtoachieveGHGreductiontargets withadiversifiedfuelmix.InthecaseoftheEU , mostoftheseresourcesare domesticallyavailable ( biomassand concentrating solarpowercan bean exception ) .Aswitchtorenewablesthusgenerallyreducesimportdependency. However , whetherthisisasecurityofsupplybenefitdependsonwhetherimport dependenceisregardedasarisktoadequate , reliableandaffordableelectricity. Globaloilandcoalmarketsarerelativelyopenandwellfunctioning , andprices — aswellastheirvolatility — aremuchmoreofasecurityofsupplyconcernthan importdependencyperse.Intermsofgas , however , pricesarelargelyregulated orlinkedtooilprices , andarethus muchlessableto balancesupplyand demand.Inaddition , theEUisregionallylinkedtoonlyafewsuppliersviafixed infrastructure , whichmakesphysicalunavailabilityofgasmoreofaconcern.If renewablescanincreasetheirshareattheexpenseofgasimports , itcouldthus bearguedthattherearesomesecurityofsupplygains.However , intermsof GHGemissionsreductions , anincreaseofrenewablessubstitutingforelectricity productionfromcoalwouldbepreferable.Duetotheintermittenceofmany renewableenergytechnologies ( seebelow ), theyarenotwellsuitedtoserve peakdemand , butinsteadlikelytodisplacetypicalbaseloadgenerationplants. TheIEA ( 2007 ) thusassumesthat “ coal , gasand — inthecaseofarenewable energypolicy , nuclear — aredisplacedproportionallytotheirroleinthefuel mix ” . Moreimportantintermsofenergysecurityistheriskofintermittencefroman increasingshareofrenewablesintheenergy mix.Intermittenceinthecaseof renewablesreferstoundesiredoruncontrolledvariabilityofoutput ( Sinden2005 ) .At thesametime , renewablesarecharacterised byreduceddispatchabilityor manoeuvrability , whichreferstotheirabilitytoincreaseordecreaseoutput quicklyondemand ( KuntzandDawe2005 ) .Notallrenewablesareequally “ unreliable ” : Large hydro , bioenergy and geothermal resources and concentratingsolarpower ( CSP )“ offercomparablelevelsoffirmcapacitiesto conventionalfossilfuelbasedplants ”( IEA2007 ) .Biomass , ontheonehand , canbestoredandusedwhenrequiredandthusprovidesamoreorlessconstant electricitysupply.Solarphotovoltaicapplications , wind , smallhydropower plantsandfuture waveenergyresources , onthe other hand , are more intermittentandvariableinsupplyingelectricity ( IEA2007 ) .IncurrentEU electricitysystems , intermittencyis notgenerally a problem becausethe penetrationofintermittentrenewablesisstilllow ( although with strong variationsamongmemberstates ) .However , theelectricitygridwilleventually needtoadapttohighersharesofintermittentelectricity , althoughthereisno
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