TheRelationshipbetweenClimateChangePoliciesandEnergySecurity EuropeandBeyond 3 63 abletoliveuptoitsexpectationstobea “ bridge ” toalowcarboneconomyand mayevenbecomeasunsetindustry. 4.犆狅犪犾犪狀犱狋犺犲犚狅犾犲狅犳犆犪狉犫狅狀犆犪狆狋狌狉犲犪狀犱犛狋狅狉犪犵犲 ( 犆犆犛 ) Ontheglobalscale , coaliscurrentlythefastestgrowingfossilenergy carrierandcontinuestobethesecondmostimportantfossilfuel , slowlyclosing thegapwithoil.InthereferencescenarioofitsWorldEnergyOutlook , theIEA ( 2008 ) predictsa61percentincreaseinglobalconsumptionofcoalbetween2006 and2030.Overthenext10years , Chinaalonewillinstallmorepowergeneration capacitybasedoncoalthanEuropesentirecurrentstock. IntheEU , however , primarycoaldemandhasdecreasedconsiderablysince the1980s , largelyduetotheswitchfromcoaltogasfiredpowerproductionin WesternEuropeandeconomictransitionintheEast.Thistrendisexpectedto continue , withdemanddecreasingbyalmost20percentbetween2006and2030. Similarly , thevolumeofcoalproduceddomestically withinthe EU27 will continuetodecrease.Asaresult , theEU willbecomemoredependenton importsdespiteowningconsiderabledomesticreserves ( 3.5percentofglobal reserves ) .Domesticcoalproductionisforecasttofallto48 percentof consumptionby2030 , downfrom59percentin2006. Coalimportsarefarmoreregionallydiversifiedthannaturalgasimports , for example , and mostexportingcountriesqualifyasstabledemocracies , which largelyrespectthesamemarketandpoliticalrulesastheEU.Inaddition , the coalmarketisatrulyglobal , openandwellfunctioningone , notdominatedbya singlesupplier , suchasOPEC.Atthesametime , therearestillconsiderable globalprovencoalreserves , which — atthecurrentglobalrateofproduction — maybesufficientforanother133years ( BP2008 ) .Finally , coalisrelativelysafe totransportandstore.Itcanbetransportedquicklybyshipandrail , without theneedforexpensivelongruninfrastructureandrelatedtransportandtransit securityissues.AllthesefactorscontributetotheassessmentthatEuropean importdependencydoesnotposeanelevatedrisktoitsuninterruptedsupplyof coalinthelongrun ( althoughtherearesomerisksintheshortrunstemming fromweatherandotherunforeseeablefactorsinproducercountries , aswellas increasingdemandinsomeemergingeconomies ) . Giventhatimportdependenceisnotamajorlongtermsecurityissueinthe caseofcoal , thereareotherrisksthatneedtobedealtwith.Ontheglobalscale , thegreatestenvironmentalthreatinthelongtermisclimatechange.Theuseof coalinelectricityproductioncausesfarmoregreenhousegasemissionsthanthe useofanyotherenergycarrier.Toputthisintoperspective , at28percent , coal
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China, the EU and Latin America : current issues and future cooperation
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