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China, the EU and Latin America : current issues and future cooperation
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EnergySecurityandClimateChangeinRelationsbetweentheEU Chinaand 85 LatinAmerica:MajorChallengesandAreasforInternationalCooperation anotheropportunityinCancún COP16 attheendofthisyear.However and despitetheintentionsoftheEUandChinatoimplementpreventivemeasures withintheframeworkof Kyotoplus thatis toreducetheiremissionsfar beyondtheKyotogoals thepossibilityofimplementinganeffectiveglobalpact seemsuncertain.Itisexpectedthat duetothecurrentconfigurationoftheUS Congress thelargestpollutercountryisunlikelytogetonboard. Tobereallyefficientinreducingtheimpactofglobalwarming allthe parties mainlytheEU China theUSandIndia mustactinacoordinated way.Thisalsoentailsthatthelargereconomiesshouldmakeagreatereffortand smalleconomiesshouldbehelpedtoparticipateinthiscommonpursuit finding innovativefundingmechanismstosupportaglobalgreendevelopmentmodel. Atthesametime itisdesirabletocomplementandcoordinatetheKyoto agreementswithotherforums suchastheAsiaPacificAssociationforClean DevelopmentandClimate thesocalledCarbonPact joinedbyChinain2008 whichincludesalsotheUSandIndia.Althoughtherearerecognisedbodies suchastheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange thatcanprovidereal guidance itisalsoimportanttokeepinmindthatenergysecurityandclimate changearenotjustrestrictedtospecialisedforums.Thereisagreatdealthatcan bedoneincommercial military politicalandotherareas.Aclearexampleisthe needforastandardisedclassificationofbiofuelswithinthe WTO:currently biodieselisconsideredanindustrialinputandbioethanolachemicalproduct so onlybioethanolcanbeincludedinagriculturaltreaties. Besides inordertoreachagreementonstrong multilateralinstruments suchastheKyotoProtocol previoussuccessfulexperiencesmustbeexamined. TheMontrealProtocol aimedatpreservingtheozonelayer isagoodexample ofmultilateralcoordinatedaction.Thisinstrument datingback20yearsand nowincluding191 nations isparticularlyinterestingasitencompassesa differentiatedapproach givingdevelopingcountrieslongertoachievetargets.It alsoincludesaspecialfundforhelpingthesecountriesto meetProtocol objectives.Allmembersareobligedtomonitoradvancesthroughannualreports. Incaseoffailure thisfollowupsystemallowsfortheestablishmentofspecial planstogetbackontrack. 8.犜狅狑犪狉犱狊犖犲狑 犠狅狉犾犱犚犲犵狌犾犪狋狅狉狔犕犲犮犺犪狀犻狊犿狊 Caringfortheplanetrequiresnewandrepresentativemultilateralbodies. Despitetheessentialroleof manyexistinginstances many ofthem are constructed on the basis of twentiethcentury notions or have limited