4 08 China , theEUandLatinAmerica:CurrentIssuesandFutureCooperation ashavevariousLatin American ( LA ) partners , suchasBrazil , Mexico , Chile andVenezuela.Theirlargenewcushionsofforeignreservesandtheirexpertise helpmanypeople. Theend ofthe bipolar worldcan , with someexceptions , leadtoless ideologicaland moreissuebasedinterests , whichcanbe more “ negotiable ” ( Phillips2008 ; Schmitzand Messner2008 ) .Trilateralcooperationbetween LatinAmericaandtheEUexistedinthe1980s , whenLatinAmericancountries invitedtheEuropeanCommunitytocooperateinendingthecivilwarsinCentral Americawhichwerefosterednotonlybyscandaloussocialinjusticebutalsoby thetwosuperpowers , neitherofwhichcouldwithdraw withoutlosingface. PreciselythefactthatneitherLatin Americancountriesnorthe European countriescouldbeseenasa militarythreatallowedthem toreach peace agreementsandtorebuildthedisruptedsocieties. Someremarksongeneralconditions , methodsandproceduresfortrilateral cooperationonthe EU side.Asa preliminary observation , itshould be mentionedthatintheEU , atthetechnicallevel , thereisanunofficialdistinction betweentrilateralandtriangularcooperation. “ Trilateral ” meansjointfunding , forexample , bytheEUand Mexico , ofaprojectinCentralAmerica.This happensrarely. “ Triangular ” meansthattheEUusesandfunds , forexample , Chileanwaterexpertsor — andwhynotinthefuture — Cubanhealthexpertsina projectin , forexample , Zimbabwe , totakeadvantageoftheparticularaccess , expertiseandreducedcostsofnonEUexperts.Thisshouldalsohelptopromote endogenousregionalsolutions. 3.犉犻犲犾犱狊狅犳犆狅狅狆犲狉犪狋犻狅狀 3.1 Cooperationon GlobalInstitutionalArchitecture , MultilateralNorms , Actions , ProceduresandObjectives Ratherthanaworldinwhichoneortwosuperpowerstakeunilateraldecisions , theEU , ChinaandLatinAmericaprefer , inmyview , an “ interpolar ” system ( Grevi 2009 ) wherestrongplayerscooperateandpossiblyreachdecisionswiththehighestand broadestpossibleinternationallegitimacytoaddressglobalissuesandchallenges , orto preventandtacklecrises.Asglobalisationshrinksdistancesandissuesbecome increasinglyinterconnected , thecomparativeadvantageofaneffectiveUNsystem becomesmoreevident.Interpolarityislikelytobealessconflictualschemethan thebipolarpast , notleastduetoeconomicinterdependence , butittakespolitical will to support strong , more representative and efficient international institutions , capableof “ globalgovernance ”( GrevianddeVasconcelos2009 ;
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China, the EU and Latin America : current issues and future cooperation
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