China , theEUandLatinAmerica:TrilateralRelationsandScopeforMultilateralism 4 25 cooperationprojects , exchangeprogrammes , capacitybuildinganddialogueon globalagendaissues.SpainandPortugalhavetraditionallytakenaleadinmost cooperationprojects , beitthroughtheIberianAmericansummitmechanismor byplayingaparticularlyactiveroleintheEULACdialogue. Theresultshave , onthewhole , beenmodest , duetothelackofaclear focusandconflictingpriorities.Ontrade , thedifficultiesinvolvedinconcluding anassociationagreementbetweentheEU and MERCOSURorthe Andean Communityreflectprotectionistpressuresonbothsides.Projectsinthefieldof technical and technological cooperation have been fragmented , with understandablylittle measurableimpactintermsofpromotingsustainable developmentinLatin America.Thishasbeenunderscoreddramaticallyand painfullyinthebitterdisputeovermigrationcontrolsinvolvingLatinAmerican nationalslivinginEurope.Anotherboneofcontention , especiallyasregards Brazil , istheissueofEUrestrictionsonbiofuelimports.Giventhedivergent viewsontheseandothermajorissues , thisgenerallackofcoherenceandsenseof focuswasvery muchinevidenceduringtheLimaSummit.Thepictureis aggravatedbytheEUsgrowingprioritisationofcooperationwithCentraland EasternEurope.ThishasledSpainandPortugal , giventheirhistoricallycloser linkstotheregion , tobankrolltheIberoAmericansummitprocess , whichtends toconcentrateonculturalandtechnicalcooperation. 2 Noneofthishasdetracted fromincreased European directinvestmentintheregion , probablyits most consistentandlastingcontributionto Latin Americandevelopment , although ironicallythisisalsoincreasinglyanirritantinthefaceofrisingeconomic nationalisminsomeLatinAmericancountries. 3.犔犪狋犻狀犃犿犲狉犻犮犪 , 狋犺犲犆犪狉犻犫犫犲犪狀犪狀犱犆犺犻狀犪牶犌狉狅狑犻狀犵犘犪犻狀狊 InthecaseofLatinAmericaandChina , historydoesnotcastsolonga shadow.Onlyrecentlyhavetiesgainedgreaterweight , astheresultofgrowing economicandcommerciallinks.Tradehasinfactjumpedquitedramaticallywith mostcountriesoftheregion , accompaniedbytheestablishmentofdiplomatic relationswithalmostallcountries.IncontrasttoLatinAmericaEUrelations , thereisnocomparableinstitutionaliseddialoguemechanismbetweenChinaand LatinAmerica ; however , theMacauForum , forexample , bringstogetherChina andPortuguesespeakingcountriesinthreecontinents.Existingmechanismsare largelybilateralandfocusedonspecificlinks , whicharestilllargelytradeand investmentdriven.Aswithmostcountriesandgroupings , theRioGrouphasa regulardialoguemechanismwithChina , whichnormallymeetsatthemarginsof majorforums.Whileitservesasausefulopportunityforgeneralexchangeson
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