Human Security in Pakistan Box 6.3: Incidence of Crime in South Asian Countries The website numbeo.com gives a ranking of the incidence of crime globally in a number of cities. The cities of South Asia have the following safety factors as of 2022: City Safety Factor* City Safety Factor* PAKISTAN • Karachi 45.8 • Rawalpindi 50.1 • Lahore 63.6 SOUTH ASIA • Delhi 40.8 • Dhaka 36.8 • Mumbai 55.0 • Chennai 59.8 • Kathmandu 63.0 *Ranges from 0 to 100. The higher the value, the higher the safety. Karachi has the lowest safety factor among the three big Pakistani cities. However, Delhi and Dhaka have even lower safety factors. 6.4 Health Hazards and Diseases Ever since 2019, when the global epidemic of COVID-19 spread, there has been great concern about the transmission of epidemics. By the time COVID-19 receded, there had been over 1.6 million people affected and as many as 30,644 deaths in Pakistan. The percentage of deaths from communicable diseases like TB and Malaria has increased, as shown in Table 6.4, from 44.4% in 2001-02 to 73.2% in 2020 due to COVID-19. Both preventive and curative health expenditures have risen significantly from 0.6% of the GDP in 2010-11 to 1.4% of the GDP by 2020-21. This has been facilitated by the additional transfer of revenues to the provincial governments after the 7 th NFC Award in 2009-10. Table 6.4: Index of Health Hazards and Diseases 2001-02 2005-06 2010-11 2015-16 1. Life Expectancy(Years) Index 0.445 0.473 0.520 0.560 2.% of Deaths from Communicable Diseases* Index 0.713 0.742 0.782 0.827 3.% of births with Female Attendant Index 0.091 0.186 0.329 0.484 4. Infant Mortality(per 1000 births) Index 0.376 0.435 0.522 0.638 5. Incidence of Child Wasting or Stunting Index 0.432 0.442 0.398 0.492 OVERALL INDEX 0.342 0.412 0.488 0.583 *Including the deaths from COVID-19 2017-18 0.570 0.846 0.641 0.683 0.574 0.656 2018-19 0.580 0.836 0.673 0.705 0.682 0.690 Latest Year 0.590 0.327 0.705 0.749 0.700 0.589 42