contributory coverage because non-contributory pensions are paid to the poor who are more concentrated among those with no or only elementary education and among rural residents; and f) Eliminating the glaring inequalities in the two parallel systems in Colombia (as established by various reform proposals). 5. Integrating the Separate Privileged Regimes The persistent fragmentation of several systems with entitlement conditions and generous benefits and fiscal incentives—especially the armed forces regime in all countries, except Costa Rica—requires: a) Especially in the more fragmented systems of Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic(Panama, to a lesser degree), a thorough reform to standardize the conditions and benefits of separate regimes to the general system, being fully financed by the insured and with no fiscal subsidies. As this would probably require very high contributions, entitlement conditions would have to be tightened and benefits reduced; b) The exclusion of the armed forces in Chile, where they imposed the private system, but were excluded from this system to preserve their privileged regime—whose cost are equivalent to those of all non-contributory pen­sions—, is particularly inequitable and such regime should be integrated as most of the population claims; c) In Mexico the two main programs for the private and public sectors should be integrated(the public sector has better conditions than the private one); d) The gradual process of integration of 19 separate regimes in Costa Rica and the recent parametric reform of the judicial system are good role models. 6. Improving Gender Equity Any discrimination created by the labor market must be faced in all countries with appropriate actions: 213