PERSPECTIVE AD-HOC REGIONAL SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS AND APSA A CASE STUDY OF ACL-GLR, MNJTF, AND G5 SAHEL FORCE Shifts in the security landscape and the absence of immediate alternative measures to pressing security concerns led African states to turn to Ad-hoc Regional Mechanisms (ARMs). ARMs fill a genuine gap in the African Peace and Security Agenda(APSA) process and are responses to fast-paced security threats. These mechanisms continue to be structural challenge for the AU to monitor and to ensure that they act under its doctrine. Olawale Ismail and Alagaw Ababu| July 2021