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The Albanian public's trust in security : stumbling blocks to Eu negotiations ; Albania's approach to delivering on the Chapters 23 and 24 of the EU accession negotiations while increasing trust in security institution and strengthening democratic accountability: a view from the public opinion perspective
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THE ALBANIAN PUBLIC'S TRUST IN SECURITY: STUMBLING BLOCKS TO EU NEGOTIATIONS stressed that an inversion on such basic criminal law principles such as the burden of proof, has the risk of being overturned by the Constitutional Court as it could be construed as a law that potentially violates article 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The financial burden such a decision could have on the state is considerable. 4.4. Customs Customs is the most important element in determining all trade items that can pass in or out of the country, both from the viewpoint of security for the public and from the viewpoint of taxes. Traditionally, Albania has been a nation where a high percentage of the government's income comes from customs taxes(although this has diminished in the last few years). It is understandable, therefore, that customs would be a prime target for passive corruption in either the cases of organized crime factions that want to smuggle illegal items through customs or for the passing of items without paying the appropriate tariffs(which would render these items cheaper in the market and therefore create unfair competition). Customs have also maintained high levels of active corruption, with cases of customs officials illegitimately blocking shipments at the port and demanding bribes for their release also being not uncommon. If we could refer to the UNODC report on Corruption in Albania, there are several substantial mentions of customs officials commanding a great reputation for bribery and of both passive and active corruption. The report finds that while officials that interact the most with the wide public receive the greatest amounts of bribes, other officials that interact in far fewer cases with the public(such as customs officials) command a greater reputation for bribery, which is remarkable. In their prevalence for bribery chart, customs officials were ranked highest among all state officials with which the public interacts. 68 Referring to the results of the ASB, to get a general understanding of matters from the perspective of the public, we can assess the information on the general trust the public has in the customs institutions. In it, a considerable 62.42 percent of the population consider the customs to be"very corrupt". 68 Corruption in Albania: Bribery as Experienced by the Population.(2011). UNODC 79