56 I. ORTIZ ET AL. Table 9 (continued) Country Start year Protest issue Estimated crowd count Portugal China 2007 2006 United States, Global Argentina Canada 2020 2012 2018 Chile 2016 Chile 2019 Colombia France Global 2008 2019 2013 Italy Portugal Turkey Yemen 2011 2012 2007 2011 Portuguese workers strike over government policies Hong Kong protests central government interference(multiple years) Q-Anon protests Argentinians protest President Fernández Canadians rally across country to call for bolder action on climate change Eliminate private pensions and demand a public pension system “Estallido social” Social outbreak demand public pensions, public services, new constitution Colombian workers strike for better pay Protestors demonstrate against pension reforms Bolivian president organizes People’s summit to protest imperialism and improve people’s lives Italian women protest against Berlusconi Portuguese unions call strikes against austerity measures Turks demand secularism Yemenis demand democratic rule 1,400,000 1,300,000 1,280,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 Source Media sources 2006–2020, see: https://worldprotests.org/ 8.2 Protests and Civic Space Are the increasing number of protests and protestors caused by improved civic conditions and political freedoms, or—to the contrary, do they have a tendency to increase when there is repressed civic space? To answer