International Organization for Migration and the UN Economic Commission for Africa – provides a useful and constructive framing of how best to facilitate legal labour migration pathways. 17 This can be done through the JLMP's 2020­2030 Strategic Framework. 18 Central to the framework is the critical economic contribution of African migrant workers. There are other avenues for constructive engagement, such as through the Global Gateway 19 and the Global Skill Partnership. 20 Combined, these two initiatives can bridge the gap between education, upskilling and labour mobility. While it may be too early to tell how impactful these can be in practice, examples of bilateral partnerships rooted in technical and financial support under the Global Skill Partnership suggest potential for longer-term sustainable success. These include the partnership between Morocco and Belgium, 21 and between Nigeria and the EU, 22 for information and communications technology; a multisectoral initiative for Moroccan youth, 23 and a partnership between Nigeria and Germany for construction; 24 and Egypt and Tunisia are part of a pilot project with five EU countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Lithuania and Spain) to address labour shortages through innovative labour migration models. Migration and mobility are important aspects of the relationship between Africa and Europe. However, they are also increasingly the most contentious and divisive, as countries differ on approaches. Meeting each other halfway and bridging the gap in positions between the two continents requires developing policies and approaches that limit the risks while leveraging the benefits of migration. Recognising that most African migrants remain within the continent, in addition to the intercontinental arrangements detailed above, intra-African regional cooperation and the harmonisation of labour migration policies is key to advancing legal pathways within and out of the continent. African states would have to collaborate to harmonise national policies and frameworks on migration, mobility and labour. 5. Remittances Remittances have long been recognised as a key'cog' in Africa's quest for economic development. They are factored into the AU's Migration Policy Framework for Africa and Figure 1. Top remittance recipients in Africa. The'irregular' distraction in the New Pact. Entry points for Europe and Africa Sources: KNOMAD/World Bank staff; World Development Indicators; IMF balance of payments statistics. 7