Endnotes 1  This policy brief follows discussions at two meetings of the Progressive Migration Group in Barcelona(June 2023) and Addis Ababa(September 2023). It draws on past analysis by the author, including a policy brief published by the ISS:“Africa and Europe: Building consensus on migration”, 23 November 2021. It also builds on research conducted with Tsion Tadesse Abebe(IOM) for two reports as part of an Instituto Affari Internazionali(IAI) project,“A new European consensus on asylum and migration”. Report 1: O. A. Maunganidze and T. T. Abebe (2020)“Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for the Africa-EU Partnership Agenda on Migration and Mobility: A continental perspective”. 16 December. Report 2: T. T. Abebe and O. A. Maunganidze(2021)“Implications of COVID-19 on East Africa-EU Partnership on Migration and Forced Displacement”. 2 March. 2  Maunganidze, O. A.(2021)"Africa and Europe: Building consensus on migration". Policy Brief. ISS, 23 November. 3  See, for example:"The new European Union pact on migration: Racializing migration to and in Europe". European Network Against Racism, 20 June 2023; Georgi, F.(2019)"The role of racism in the European'migration crisis': A historical materialist perspective", in V. Satgar(ed.), Racism After Apartheid: Challenges for Marxism and Anti­Racism(Johannesburg: Wits University Press), pp. 96-117. DOI: 10.18772/22019033061.9; I. Freemantle(2022) "Europe's migration policies are about limiting Black freedom", OpenDemocracy, 18 November. 4 "EU wants to send more migrants away as irregular arrivals grow". Reuters, 26 January 2023. 5 "Special European Council, 9 February 2023". European Council of the European Union. 6  See generally:"New Pact on Migration and Asylum". European Commission. 7 "New Pact on Migration and Asylum". European Commission, September 2020. The European Council also included migration and mobility among its five key areas for consideration as part of the new partnership between Africa and Europe. See,"Council conclusions on Africa". European Council, 30 June 2020. 8  Abebe, T. T. and A.-N. Mbiyozo(2020)"New Pact's focus on migrant returns threatens Africa-EU Partnership". ASILE, 11 December. 9 "Emergency Trust Fund for Africa". European Union. 10 "Covid-19 and Africa-EU Partnership on migration". Istituto Affari Internazionali, 15 December 2020. 11  International Organisation for Migration and African Union Commission(2020)"Africa migration report: Challenging the narrative". 12 In the case of the EU, this a policy agenda by which the EU attempts to prevent migrants and refugees arriving in the EU by outsourcing border controls to non-EU states, such as those in Africa. 13 Herbert, M. and M. Gallien(2021),"Divided they fall: Frontiers, borderlands and stability in North Africa". ISS North Africa Report, 3 March. 14 Earlier research identified return, readmission and reintegration as a potential fourth area of collaboration, but the divergence of views and approaches on this among member states renders getting a common position on this a mammoth task. To date, engagements have thus been bilateral, with many African countries resisting this "incentive" from Europe. 15 "Migration, labour& employment". African Union website. 16 Borrell, J.(2023)"Migration is a key element of our foreign policy". European Union External Action, 7 February. 17 "JLMP poised to expand support to labour migration governance in Africa". Press release. African Union, 5 April 2021. 18 "Strategic framework 2020-2030". African Union, June 2020. 19 "Global gateway". European Commission. 20 "Migration that works for everyone". Global Skill Partnerships. 21 "Pilot project addressing labour shortages through innovative labour migration models(PALIM)". Global Skill Partnerships. 22 "A global skill partnership in information, communications, and technology(ICT) between Nigeria and Europe". Global Skill Partnerships. 23 " Accessing overseas employment opportunities for Moroccan youth project". Global Skill Partnerships. 24 Adhikari, S., M. Clemens, H. Dempster et al.(2021)"A global skill partnership in construction between Nigeria and Germany". Center for Global Development, 19 July 2021. The'irregular' distraction in the New Pact. 10 Entry points for Europe and Africa