FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – A majority working in the shadows APPENDIX Table 5.A1 Characteristics of the new and old income-poor in Ethiopia Share of employers in household Share of own-account workers in household Share of informal employees in household Share of family workers in household Share of females in household Household mean age 10–29 Household mean age 30–39 Household mean age 40–49 Household mean age 50–59 Household mean age>60 Female(household head) Work in agriculture(household head) Work in manufacturing(household head Work in trade/retail(household head) Work in service sector(household head) No education(household head) Primary education(household head) Secondary education(household head) University education(household head) Live in Addis Ababa Live in other urban area Live in rural area Number of observations (1) New income-poor (mean in%) 4.36 77.39 10.27 8.00 51.31 61.82 17.17 2.83 1.21 0.40 50.58 48.99 7.47 10.1 33.43 36.36 53.74 9.29 0.61 14.85 21.01 64.14 495 (2) Old income-poor (mean in%) 3.09 82.70 6.50 7.71 50.98 62.09 15.50 5.27 1.96 0.93 45.99 63.97 3.62 7.75 24.67 49.80 45.97 3.40 0.00 10.83 12.09 77.09 968 (3) Difference(1–2) 1.28 –4.31** 3.77*** 0.29 0.33 –0.27 1.68 –2.44** –0.75 –0.53 4.59 –14.98*** 3.86*** 2.35 8.76*** –13.44*** 7.77*** 5.89*** 0.61 4.02*** 8.92*** –12.95*** Std error 1.89 1.84 1.3 1.27 1.1 2.68 2.03 1.14 0.72 0.48 2.64 2.53 1.19 1.54 2.09 2.73 2.76 1.44 0.48 0.8 1.97 2.06 Note: The table shows levels and difference in means(filled circles) between those that became income-poor due to the pandemic(new poor) (earned equal to or less than the minimum wage) and those already income-poor beforehand(old poor).* p< 0.10,** p< 0.05,*** p< 0.01. Table 5.A2 Characteristics of the new and old income-poor in Côte d’Ivoire Share of employers in household Share of own-account workers in household Share of informal employees in household Share of family workers in household Share of females in household Household mean age 10–29 Household mean age 30–39 Household mean age 40–49 Household mean age 50–59 Household mean age>60 Female(household head) Work in agriculture(household head) Work in manufacturing(household head Work in trade/retail(household head) Work in service sector(household head) No education(household head) Primary education(household head) Secondary education(household head) University education(household head) Live in Abidjan Live in other urban area Live in rural area Number of observations (1) New income-poor (mean in%) 11.26 70.79 14.68 3.27 47.87 71.86 13.57 3.52 1.01 0.50 54.45 45.73 8.54 29.15 30.97 36.19 51.26 6.53 6.03 17.08 22.11 60.81 199 (2) Old income-poor (mean in%) 4.10 71.32 17.94 6.64 50.77 61.67 16.03 5.57 0.35 1.74 50.65 48.78 4.53 16.72 15.58 38.68 55.05 3.83 2.44 18.12 16.72 65.16 287 (3) Difference(1–2) 7.16*** –0.53 –3.26 –3.34** –2.91 10.19** –2.46 –2.06 0.66 –1.24 3.80 –3.05 4.10* 12.43*** 15.39*** –2.49 –3.8 2.69 3.59** –1.04 5.39 –4.35 Std error 1.99 3.36 2.8 1.49 2.23 4.36 3.3 1.96 0.72 1.02 4.32 4.61 2.22 3.79 3.9 4.49 4.61 1.92 1.78 3.49 3.61 4.44 Note: The table shows level and difference in means(filled circles) between those that became income-poor due to the pandemic(new poor) (earned equal to or less than the minimum wage) and those already income-poor beforehand(old poor).* p< 0.10,** p< 0.05,*** p< 0.01. 48