FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – A majority working in the shadows half(47.4 per cent) of the 194 religious groups identified by the survey in Zambia have existed for over 21 years. 7.2.4 Higher-level structures The term»higher-level structure« means a secondary organi­zation, such as a union or a federation, that is formed by the primary informal-economy groups. In Kenya, for example, the Kenya National Alliance of Street Vendors and Informal Traders(KENASVIT) serves as an umbrella organization of urban associations of street vendors, whereas in Benin, a na­tional informal economy association is in the process of being established. Cooperatives, credit unions and trade unions show a greater propensity than other types to form sectoral and/or national unions. Higher-level structures enhance the Figure 7.4 Geographical coverage of groups Ethiopia Côte d'Ivoire Benin Kenya Neighbourhood group 20.8% 57.6% 16.2% 5.2% Religious group 11.5% 61.6% 16.1% 1.0% 9.8% Savings club 0.0% 83.3% 16.7% Cooperative 15.7% 60.7% 13.5% 1.1% 9.0% Neighbourhood group 0.8% 83.5% 12.4% 2.5% 0.8% Religious group 0.6% Savings club 9.6% 52.0% 74.8% 17.1% 6.3% 24.0% 11.1% 3.7% 0.7% Cooperative 0.9% Religious group 3.2% Savings club 4.8% 66.7% 63.5% 68.0% 8.1% 21.6% 2.7% 6.3% 4.8% 22.2% 20.2% 6.1% 0.9% Cooperative 3.2% 61.3% 16.1% 19.4% Religious group 11.8% Savings club 23.8% Cooperative 6.7% Neighbourhood group 33.3% 68.6% 64.0% 20.0% 100.0% 26.7% 9.8% 3.9% 5.9% 5.5% 4.5% 2.3% 13.3% Religious group 5.9% 26.8% 7.2% 5.6% 54.5% Savings club Cooperative 2.3% 31.4% 78.2% 47.7% 4.7% 4.7% 11.6% 6.8% 5.3% 7.5% Neighbourhood group 0.0% 86.9% 9.1% 2.0% 2.0% Religious group 1.7% Savings club 9.5% 62.7% 68.3% 19.2% 7.3% 18.0% 9.0% 3.2% 1.1% Cooperative 4.0% 60.0% 24.0% 8.0% 4.0% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% A certain market or part of a market A village or a quarter of a town A district or administrative department A province. county or federal state The entire nation Zambia Senegal Figure 7.5 Groups’ lifetimes 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 4.5% 0% less 1 year Senegal 19.6% 26.3% 22.2% 14.7% 12.7% 1-2 years Zambia 3-5 years Kenya Benin 6-10 years Côte d'Ivoire 11-12 years 21 years a.m. Ethiopia 6-country average 62