effects of biomass production. Wind turbines, on the other hand, are a frequent hazard for birds and bats. Off-shore wind parks also disrupt marine ecosystems and fish populations. Outlined below are the results of our risk assessment for water, land and biodiversity: Risk Impact Mitigation Brine and chemicals improperly discharged into the sea from the desalination plant. Probability Impact Period of Influence Long-term • Damage to marine ecosystems from contaminated water and temperature changes. • Negative impact on the Aqaba Marine Reserve. • Use of brine management technologies that reduce concentrated brine and chemical discharge. • Exploration of options for recycling parts of the brine’s minerals and chemicals. • Conduction of independent ecological assessments based on local indicators. • Dispersion of brine when it is discharged based on the results of ecological assessment and modeling. Occupation of large areas for renewable energy production (wind and solar farms). Probability Impact • Fragmentation of pristine territories. • Encroachment on natural habitats and agricultural areas. Period of Influence Long-term • Avoidance of protected areas, nature reserves and cultural heritage sites. • Avoidance, whenever possible, of agricultural and forested lands. • Construction of electrolysers in industrial areas. • Building of understanding of local legal and regulatory frameworks and international standards governing land acquisition before allocation of land for green hydrogen projects. Emissions of dust and particles during construction of solar facilities and wind farms. Probability Impact Period of Influence Short-term Impact on the landscape and nearby communities during site preparation, grading, vegetation removal, and construction of roads, especially in desert and arid regions. • Construction of PV facilities at a minimum of 100 m distance from populations and important facilities in line with national regulations(Regulation No. 69 of 2020). • Implementation of dust management measures, including watering the ground as needed. 22