Risk Impact Mitigation Mismanagement of end-of­life stages of solar panels and wind turbines. Probability Impact Period of Influence Long-term • As panel recycling is expensive and time consuming, panels are often disposed of into landfills, breaking down and leaching toxic chemicals such as lead and cadmium into the soil, potentially contaminating groundwater and affecting local ecosystems. • Although 80% to 85% of wind turbine elements can be recycled, the blades are difficult to recycle efficiently because they are made from composite materials (fiberglass, carbon fiber, resins), which end up in landfills, potentially leading to soil and ground water contamination. • Use of enhanced recycling technologies to ensure effective separation of raw materials. • Extension of producer responsibility for the entire lifecycle of their products, including disposal and recycling. • Collaboration between the government, private sectors, and research institutions to foster innovation in recycling technology and develop sustainable practices for end-of-life panel and turbine/blade management. • Ensuring circularity is continued at the end of solar panel and turbine lifetimes. • Proper landfilling of hazardous materials in line with international best practice. IV. Pollution and Safety Risk and Impact Assessment PtX production sites must be subject to thorough environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and regular inspections of their operation. Defined standards must be imposed on production, storage, transportation and final use of their outputs(hydrogen, ammonia, methanol or e-fuels). Jordan has been working on facilitating and accelerating the development of the Green Hydrogen industry both locally and internationally through proper policies, regulations and standards. To ensure the success of this new sector, updated and new regulations and health, safety and technical standards are required in line with evolving international ones. For example, Jordan has issued a Guideline for EIAs for Sea and Brackish Water Desalination Plants, which is specifically targets this sector in Jordan. A similar guideline can be developed for the green hydrogen production sector, covering associated facilities. The national EIA process in Jordan is managed by the MoEnv, who issue the final environmental approval for a project and are in charge of follow up during project implementation to ensure adherence to the approved Environmental Management Plan and other set environmental conditions. As decentralized production of green hydrogen is relatively new, the regulatory and environmental requirements and permitting regulations are non-existent or unclear. This adds significant uncertainty and additional time and overheads to the project development process. According to Regulation No. 69/2020, the Environmental Classification& Licensing Regulation, sea and river water desalination plants, wind energy and solar PV energy generation plants(capacity exceeding 20 MW) are classified as Category 1 –(High Risk) Activities that pose severe threats to the environment and human health and require a comprehensive EIA as per Article 4 of this regulation. Building and operating green hydrogen and PtX production plants will likely also fall under this category, requiring formal public consultation and stakeholder engagement. Stakeholder consultation and 26