surrection – triggered a gradual but meaningful process of political learning in Brazil. They catalysed coopera ­tion among institutional and extra-institutional actors, including political parties, courts, civil society, and the media. Over time, these actors moved on from frag ­mented and reactive responses to a more coordinated and proactive defence of democratic institutions. The Brazilian case shows that countering far right au­thoritarianism, especially once it has assumed power, re­quires more than principled opposition. It demands adap ­tive, cross-sectoral coalitions that can respond to evolv­ing threats while maintaining democratic legitimacy. Nevertheless, Brazil’s far right remains a powerful and organised political force, capable of influencing public debate and policy agendas. This enduring presence un ­derscores the need for continued vigilance and sus­tained democratic engagement. Countering the far right is a societal responsibility that requires coordinated action across multiple democratic actors. It calls for a long-term, multifaceted commit ­ment, one that combines principled political leadership, strong institutional safeguards, active civil society en­gagement and creative cultural strategies. Only through such comprehensive, top-down and bottom-up resist­ance can liberal democracies withstand the far right’s persistent threat and preserve democratic norms in the years ahead.  Bibliography Art, David . 2011. Inside the Radical Right: The Development of An­ti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press. Bale, Tim, Christoffer Green-Pedersen, André A Krouwel, Kurt Richard Luther and Nick Sitter . 2010.»If You Can’t Beat Them, Join Them? Explaining Social Democratic Responses to the Challenge from the Pop ­ulist Radical Right in Western Europe.« Political Studies 58 (3): 410–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2009.00783.x. de Jonge, Léonie . 2019.»The Populist Radical Right and the Media in the Benelux: Friend or Foe?« The International Journal of Press/­Politics 24 (2), 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218821098. de Jonge, Léonie . 2021a. The Success and Failure of Right-Wing Populist Parties in the Benelux Countries. Routledge. https://doi. org/10.4324/9781003049258. de Jonge, Léonie . 2021b.»The Curious Case of Belgium: Why Is There No Right-Wing Populism in Wallonia?« Government and Opposition 56 (4): 598–614. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2020.8. Heinze, Anna-Sophie . 2018.»Strategies of Mainstream Parties to ­wards Their Right-Wing Populist Challengers: Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland in Comparison.« West European Politics 41 (2): 287–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2017.1389440. Heinze, Anna-Sophie . 2022.»Dealing with the Populist Radical Right in Parliament: Mainstream Party Responses toward the Alternative for Germany.« European Political Science Review 14 (3): 333–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773922000108. Krause, Werner, Denis Cohen, and Tarik Abou-Chadi . 2023. »Does Accommodation Work? Mainstream Party Strategies and the Success of Radical Right Parties.« Political Science Research and Methods 11(1): 172–79. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2022.8. Minkenberg, Michael . 2013.»From Pariah to Policy-Maker? The Radi ­cal Right in Europe, West and East: Between Margin and Mainstream.« Journal of Contemporary European Studies 21(1): 5–24. https://doi.org /10.1080/14782804.2013.766473. Mudde, Cas . 2019. The Far Right Today. Polity. Ramalingam, Vindhya . 2014. On the Front Line: A Guide to Counter­ing Far right Extremism. Institute for Strategic Dialogue. https://­www.tandis.odihr.pl/bitstream/20.500.12389/21928/1/08096.pdf. Rocha, Camila . 2021. Menos Marx, mais Mises: O liberalismo e a nova direita no Brasil. São Paulo: Todavia. Santos, Fabiano, and Talita Tanscheit . 2019.»Quando velhos atores saem de cena. A ascensão da nova direita política no Brasil.« Colombia Internacional 99: 151–86. https://doi.org/10.7440/colombi ­aint99.2019.06. Tanscheit, Talita, and Pedro Barbosa . 2023.»A Battle of Two Presi ­dents: Lula Vs. Bolsonaro in the Brazilian Elections of 2022.« Revista de Ciencia Política 43(2): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718­090x2023005000111. Van Spanje, Joost, and Nan Dirk De Graaf . 2018.»How Established Parties Reduce Other Parties’ Electoral Support: The Strategy of Par ­roting the Pariah.« West European Politics 41(1): 1–27. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/01402382.2017.1332328. How to counter the far-right: lessons from Brazil 4