The authors thank the participants of joint workshops in Kampala and Addis Ababa and the members of the expert group on transitional justice and peace in Sudan, a joint initiative of the Friedrich-Ebert­Stiftung(FES) and the German Institute for International and Security Affairs(SWP). The group brings together Sudanese and international experts in their personal capacities to exchange insights on transitional justice and peace policy options for Sudan. References: 1 Hamid Khalafallah,„Sudan’s Counterrevolutionary War: The Systematic Targeting of Pro-Democracy Activists“, The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy, 15 April 2025, https://timep.org/2025/04/15/ sudans-counterrevolutionary-war-the-systematic-targeting-of-pro-de­mocracy-activists/. 2 International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan: Hallmarks of Genocide in El-Fasher, UN Doc. A/HRC/61/77(Geneva 2026). 3 https://dtm.iom.int/reports/dtm-sudan-displacement-and-return­snapshot-2?close=true 4 International Organisation for Migration, Sudan Mobility Update (22), Displacement Tracking Matrix(2025), https://dtm.iom.int/re­ports/dtm-sudan-mobility-update-22?close=true. 5 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, IPC Alert: Fam­ine-Affected Areas in Sudan(2025), https://www.ipcinfo.org/filead­min/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_Alert_Sudan_July2025.pdf. 6 UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Pre­vention of Racial Discrimination, including early warning and urgent action procedure. Decision 1(2024)(Geneva, 2024). 7 Mazin Sharfi,„Working Paper: The Role of Nafeer and Social Networks in Sudan’s Humanitarian Response and the Challenges for International Aid“, The Journal of Social Encounters 9, Nr. 1(2025): 55–69, https://doi.org/10.69755/2995-2212.1330. 8 International Committee of the Red Cross(ICRC),“Sudan: Com­munity kitchens bring vital food relief to thousands in North Darfur as humanitarian conditions worsen”, Geneva: ICRC, 19 November 2024, https://www.icrc.org/en/news-release/sudan-community-kitch­ens-bring-vital-food-relief-north-darfur. 9 The Carter Center, Voices Beyond the Battlefield: Sudanese Civic Actors in Wartime and Diaspora(The Carter Center, 6 August 2025), https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/peace/democracy/voic­es-beyond-the-battlefield-sudan-report-ar.pdf 10 Raga Makawi und Matthew Benson Benson-Strohmayer, Sudan’s Civic Future: Mapping Medania, Resistance, and Democratic Aspirations(University of Edinburgh, LSE CCRG, 2025), https://era. ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/43928. 11 Malaz Emad, As Sudan Army Gains Drive Mass Returns, Mutu­al Aid Groups Begin to Rebuild, 30. April 2025, https://www.thenewhu­manitarian.org/news-feature/2025/04/30/sudan-army-gains-drive­mass-returns-mutual-aid-groups-begin-rebuild. 12 Sudanese Bar Association, Draft Transitional Constitution for the Republic of Sudan(Khartoum, 2022) 13 Phone interview, ERR volunteer, 16 May 2025 14 Al Jazeera,“Two Years into Sudan’s War, Where Is Its Civil So­ciety?”(Doha: Al Jazeera, 17 April 2025), https://www.aljazeera.com/ news/2025/4/17/two-years-into-sudans-war-where-is-its-civil-society. 15 Shayna Lewis, A Youth-Centric Vision for Sudan: Transformative Change, Power, Peace and Transitional Justice(Interpeace, Irish Aid, 2024), https://www.interpeace.org/outside-the-box-amplifying-youth­voices-and-views-on-yps-policy-and-practice/a-youth-centric-vision-for­sudan-transformative-change-power-peace-and-transitional-justice/. 16 Pablo de Greiff,„The Future of the Past: Reflections on the Present State and Prospects of Transitional Justice“, International Journal of Transitional Justice 14, Nr. 2(2020): 251–59, https://doi. org/10.1093/ijtj/ijaa013. 17 Gerrit Kurtz,„Rethinking Transitional Justice in Sudan“, Verfas­sungsblog, 26. Juni 2025, https://verfassungsblog.de/transitional-jus­tice-sudan/. 18 The Prosecutor v. Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman(„Ali Kus­hayb“), Trial Judgement___(International Criminal Court 2025). 19 Rifaat Mikkawi und Amal Hamdan, Breaking the Cycle. Con­ditional Amnesty in Sudan(Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2025), https:// library.fes.de/pdf-files/international/21935.pdf. 20 Alex de Waal u. a., Situating the Contribution of the Political Market Framework to Peace Processes(Peace and Conflict Resolution Evidence Platform, 2023). 21 Central Committee of Sudanese Doctors(CCSD),“Sudan Doc­tors’ Union: War Death Toll Tops 40,000”(Port Sudan: Asharq Al-Aw­sat, 26 June 2024), https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5034313­sudan-doctors%E2%80%99-union-war-death-toll-tops-40000 22 Christian Michelsen Institute(CMI) working paper:“Digital war­fare: Exploring the influence of social media in propagating and coun­teracting hate speech in Sudan’s conflict landscape”(2025)— analyses hate speech online, counter-messaging, peace-building strategies via social media in Sudan 23 Rice University Baker Institute for Public Policy, Aid Amid Conflict: Learning From Sudan’s Mutual Aid Networks(Houston: Baker Institute, 12 March 2025), https://doi.org/10.25613/z13r-5d95. 24 UNDP Sudan, Bridging Divides. Local Peace Initiatives in Sudan (UN Development Programme; Voluntas, 2025). 25 Amnesty International, Agents of Fear: The National Security Service in Sudan(London: Amnesty International, 2010), https://www. amnesty.org/en/documents/afr54/010/2010/en/. 26 Madani Abbas Madani Mohammad,“Civic Space in Sudan – Overview: First Half of 2024”, Beirut: Arab NGO Network for Devel­opment, June 5 2024, https://www.annd.org/en/publications/details/ civic-space-in-sudan-overview-first-half-of-2024 27 Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan, Paths to justice: accountability for atrocities in the Sudan, UN Doc. A/ HRC/60/CRP.7(Geneva, 2025). The Role of Civil Society in Transitional Justice and Peace in Sudan. 5