Women and Globalisation ception. Local unionisation of women is diffi­cult, due to the large distances and women rather organise in groups offered by the church. In South Africa the union organisation of fe­male rural labourers is confronted with white landowners prohibiting trade union activities. Unions are not allowed to set their foot on the farm land. Unionisation is only feasible in the export-oriented agro-industrial farms and un­dertakings. Effects of globalisation on the different sectors Agriculture Metal industry Private sector Public service - Destruction of local markets and domestic production due to exports subsidised by in­dustrial nations, - destruction of the environment due to export-oriented production(monocultures), - risks and new dependencies due to genetically modified crops, - impoverishment due to the necessity to export commodities, -(+) opportunity for a global partnership of NGOs, trade unions and churches (i.e. TransFair), -(+) global awareness of organic agriculture, -(+) global awareness of the necessity of fair prices. - Outsourcing,"lean production", - corporate strategy: to weaken trade unions, e.g. by transferring production to foreign countries, - elimination of solidarity among workers, - non-observance of social rights, - companies receive subsidies, but pay nearly no taxes at all, - public expenditure for subsidies, - government funded research serves mainly the interests of the companies, - change in corporate culture, regarding language, slogans and concepts, i.e."client­oriented", - high geographical mobility of companies, - pressure on workers to increase quality and productivity, - increased competition between companies, - debate on industrial location in every country, - cuts in public spending in the areas of social infrastructure and education. - Introduction of global technologies(scanner, data processing, electronic networks), - rationalisation, out-sourcing, - erosion of companies through franchising, - loss of product identity, - freezing of salaries/wages and promotions, - further education and training only in leisure time, on one's own initiative and costs, - workers are forced to be"fit for the labour market". - Dismantling of public services, - privatisation and out-sourcing of public services, - informalisation of public services, - redundancies and wage cuts, - increase of pensionable age with pension benefits decreasing, - deprofessionalisation of public services, i.e. with voluntary services. 22