7 Figure 5: Protests by Country Income Group 2006-2022 Source: Authors’analysis of world protests in media sources 2021-2022, number of active protest episode by region; each protest is counted yearly when ongoing, see: https://worldprotests.org/ High Income In high-income countries such as in North America and northern Europe, the focus has been on personal freedoms, as COVID-19 restrictions were met with vocal opposition, and on the cost-of-living crisis. Demands related to jobs and wages have risen from the tenth to the third most common grievance. There are also consistent demands for social justice. Additionally, the denial of rights to groups based on religion, race, ethnicity, sex, and gender has become a contentious issue, signaling a resurgence of identity politics. Upper Middle Income In upper middle-income countries like Brazil, Mexico, South Africa, Thailand and Türkiye there has been a marked increase of protests in 2022 for women’s and girls’ rights as well as an increase in protests related to justice. Calls for more effective democracy, the end of corruption, and better jobs and wages remain the top three issues driving upper middle-income protests. Lower Middle Income Lower middle-income countries like Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Nigeria, and the Philippines have seen a growing demand for real democracy, along with an increase in calls for justice and opposition to perceived oligarchic governments. These countries have been increasingly challenging their government's policies alongside continued demands for more economic justice such as seen in India, Morocco and Indonesia Low Income In low-income countries like Ethiopia, Mali, and Zambia, there has been a significant increase in protests against failures of democracy/political representation since 2020. These protests are driven by a range of issues, including low living standards, war and military interventions, sovereignty and imperialism, with a renewed wave of anti-colonial protests in Sub-Saharan Africa.