Freedom from‘Inequality’ Chapter: 8 FREEDOM FROM ‘INEQUALITY’ The indices of freedom from‘fear’ and from‘want’ may not reflect the true state of human security in the country as they are based on averages. Therefore, there is a need to highlight the extent of inequality in income and other indicators to reflect the conditions of the lower quintiles of the population. 8.1 Income Inequality The Household Integrated Economic Surveys carried out periodically by the PBS are the primary source of income inequality in Pakistan. The trend in the modified PALMA Ratio is shown in the Chart 8.1. This corresponds to the ratio of the household income shares of the top and bottom quintiles. Chart 8.1: Inequality in Income and Food Expenditure The chart also shows the modified Palma ratio of food expenditure. 71