correct the shortcomings of the private system: 90% of the advisory board’s recommendations were incorporated into the legal bill approved by Congress. In El Salvador there was not a clearly defined social dialogue among the differ ent actors; union representatives claimed that the reform was characterized by an inconclusive process with very few spaces for discussion. The employers’ association, together with the AFP, was part of Iniciativa Ciudadana that prepared a reform proposal(out of a total of four), but there were few approaches with the Executive Branch, who actually prepared its own proposal. In the Legislative Assembly there were some disagreements, especially from opposition parties. The fiscal deficit resulting from the acute financial disequilibrium of the pension system had worsened and the government was under more pressure, thus it reached an agreement with other political parties to generate an integrated proposal that was approved with a wide margin in the Assembly. 2. Coverage The measurement of the impact of the re-reforms on the EAP and older-adult population coverage faces challenges due to discrepancies between administrative and survey figures or contradictions in some results, or a single observation after the re-reform. In Argentina, before the 2008 re-reform, there were important parametric changes, especially in 2005 and 2007, that led to a series of measures to extend contributory and non-contributory coverage: the so-called“ moratoria” allowed insured individuals to retire without having met the 30 years of required contributions(with fiscal subsidies), while self-employed workers who lacked full or no documentation were also able to retire. However, according to surveys, EAP coverage remained virtually static at 45% in 2009-2018; administrative figures calculate the EAP coverage at 47.9% in 2019; coverage of the older-adult population for all pensions increased from 84% in 2007 to a record of 90.1% in 2009, but then dropped to 84.2% in 2018. 129
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Evaluation of four decades of pension privatization in Latin America, 1980-2000 : promises and reality
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